Unit 1 Flashcards
Levels of classification
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Species
Group that looks alike and can breed with each other to produce viable offspring
Bacteria
archaebacteria (primitive) and eubacteria are found where other organisms can’t survive
Good bacteria
Sources of antibiotics and decomposes in nutrient cycles
Bad bacteria
Can cause decease by growing too numerous in the host, destroys host cells and tissues by producing toxins
Basic bacterial shapes and clusters
Shapes: Spherical- coccus (cocci) Rod shaped- bacillus (Bacilli) spiral- sprillium (spirilla)
Clusters: diplo- 2
Strepto- chain
Staphylo- clump
Obligate aerobes
Require oxygen
Obligate anaerobes
Can’t survive with oxygen
Facultative anaerobes
Can survive with or without oxygen
Viruses
Not living, can only survive inside another living cell, capsid contains nucleic acid and makes up for 95% of virus. They will only effect bacteria, only plants or only animals. They destroy the cells they infect so antibiotics are not effective but they can be prevented with vaccines
Bacteriophages
viruses eat bacteria and inject their DNA (have a specific host range)
Protists
Eukaryotic, unicellular, ancient, aquatic. Plant like: contains chlorophyll- algae Animal like: heterotrophs, moist habitats- amoeba Fungi like: Slime moulds
Plants versus fungi
Plants : One nucleus per cell Autotrophs Starch is main storage molecule Roots Cellulose in cell wall Reproduce by seed
Fungi: Many nuclei per cell Heterotrophs Few or no storage molecules No roots Chitin in cell walls None reproduce by seed
Fugi characteristics
Eukaryotic, anchored in soil, reproduction can be sexual, asexual or both
Fungi cell structure
Hyphae: thin ligaments that branch out and make body. Consist of long tubes of cytoplasm containing many nucleii
Compartments are called septa
Importance of fungi
Decomposes and recycles
Animal major characteristics
Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs and most are motile. 95% are invertebrates, cells are organized into tissues and organs, can be sexual or aquatic
Asymmetrical
No body symmetry
Radial symmetry
Parts arranged around a central axis
Bilateral symmetry
Left and right are mirror images of each other
Coelomates
True body cavity, organisms are suspended by a mesentery with a hollow space
Psedocolemates
Have a false body cavity and two body openings
Acolemates
Mouth is only opening
Embryonic development
Germ layer, develops into various body organs
Porifera
Sponges (demo sponges) Most are marine (some freshwater) No definite shape No tissue organization Larvae are free swimming but adults are sessile Hermaphrodotic
Cnidaria
Jellyfish (anything with stinging cells)
Most are marine
All have radial symmetry
Two definite tissue layers
Polyp: cylindrical, sessile, mouth shaped upwards and tentacles surrounding it
Medusa: free floating, umbrella shaped, mouths downwards and tentacles hanging down around it
Plathelminthes
Flatworms (tapeworms) Simplest animals with organs
acolemates, flattened bodies with bilateral sypetry and capitalization
Nematode
Round worms (hookworms) found everywhere. most are parasites, ruby bodies and bilateral symmetry , pseducoelomates, males are smaller then females
Annelida
Segmented worms (earth worms) collimates with bilateral symmetry. freshwater marine or terrestrial
Mollusca
Squid, muscles Built on a body of mantle shell and for
mantle secretes shell and involved in respiration
shell provides support protection and secures attachment for the muscle
Foot is fleshy and contains most of the viscera
Arthropod
Biggest and most diverse, bilaterally symmetrical, covered in tough exoskeleton. Has 5 main groups. Horseshoe crabs: most successful Arachnids: scorpions Crustaceans: aquatic, lobsters etc centipedes and millipedes
Echinoderm
Starfish, no body segmentation, radial symmetry, marine
Chordata
Hollow nerve cord on dorsal side Notochord- rod between nerve cord and digestive track Gill structure in pharynx Post anal tail Digestive tube behind mouth
Agnathans
Fish lacking jaws
Chondrichthyes
cartilaginous fish
Osteichthyes/ actiopterygii
bony fish
Amphibia
Adapted to terrestrial and aquatic environments
Reptalia
Descendants of amphibians
Aves
Birds
Mammalian
Have hair and mammary glands
Vascular plants
xylem: transports water
Phloem: transports nutrients
Can by gymnosperms (naked seeds) or angiosperms (enclosed seeds)
Monocots
One vein
Dicots
Two veins
Non vascular plants
No conductive tissue, no roots stem or leaves. Can’t reproduce unless a film of moisture can carry gametes between plants
History and evolution
Ancestors of plants were all aquatic (500 million years ago) because water is needed for photosynthesis, 50 million years later moved onto barren rock for better axis to the sun. Seeds evolved to they would reproduce
Alternation of generations
Life cycle of plants, diploid generation produces spores and haploid generation produces gametes
Bryophytes
Non vascular and seedless- developed 450-400 million years ago, live in moist environments
Reproduction: haploid gametes produced by antheridium (produces sperm) and archegonium (produces eggs) diploid sporangium produces haploid spores
Lycophytes
Club mosses, vascular and seedless, evolved 360-300 million years ago. Moist climate
Reproduction: Haploid gametes produced from gametophyte, sporophyte diploid growing from gametophyte produces haploid spores
deuterostomes
Becomes the anus
protostomes
Becomes the mouth
