Unit 3 Flashcards
Do bacteria and viruses reproduce quickly in the body
Yes
Viruses reproduce inside cells. Describe what problem this can cause the cells
They can burst
House flies have legs covered in tiny hairs, mouthparts that secrete saliva, wings, and produce faeces. How does the House fly transmit disease to humans. Include details of how the housefly can pick up pathogens and spread them to humans
The house fly uses its wings to fly to dirty places
Pathogen stick to the Flies body
Pathogen stick to hairs on the Flies legs
Pathogens are eaten by The Fly
The fly uses its wings to travel to a human food source
The fly secretes saliva on a human food source along with pathogens that the fly ate
The housefly deposit species on to a human food source
Humans then eat the contaminated food and taking the pathogen
What type of drug can be used to control HIV
antiretroviral drugs
What system in the body does HIV attack
The immune system
What species of plant is often attacked by tmv
Tomato plants
Describe the appearance of leaves with Rose black spot and state what happens to these leaves
Purple or black spots develop on the Leaves. These leaves can then turn yellow and drop off.
A gardener notices one of her rose plants with Rose black spot. Worried about the rest of her rose plants becoming infected. Why are the other rose plants in the garden at risk.
It can spread to other plants by water or wind
Why is it necessary to vaccinate poultry
It prevents the spread of disease in poultry. It means to poultry won’t be contaminated with the salmonella bacteria so they are safe for humans.
How is gonorrhea spread from person to person
Sexual contact
State two symptoms of gonorrhea in women
Pain whilst urinating. Green discharge from vagina
Name the antibiotic that used to treat people with gonorrhea
Penicillin
Why is penicillin no longer effective against gonorrhea
Strains of the bacteria have become resistant to it
Describe two ways the skin defend against the bodies pathogens
It acts as a barrier to stop pathogens getting in
It secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens
What is injected into the body during a vaccination
A small amount of dead or weakened pathogen
How does vaccination work
It allows the body to be able to rapidly produce antibodies which defend against the pathogen
If a large proportion of population is vaccinated against the pathogen, why will the spread of the pathogen be reduced?
The large proportion of the population who have been vaccinated against the pathogen when catch the disease. This means that the people who aren’t vaccinated are unlikely to catch the disease because they’re a few of people able to pass it on
Why is a painkiller not able to cure bacterial infection
Because it’s unable to kill pathogens
Suggest why very low doses are given at the start of clinical trials
In case the drug has harmful effects
Why clinical trials carried out using a double blind method
It allows for the placebo effect and eliminates the fact that treatment may not be working even though the patient feels it is
why is it important that scientists to peer review have no link to the original trials
To prevent them showing bias in the analysis of their results, and giving support to the results when in fact they werent valid
Explain how monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat cancer
An anticancer drug is attached to the monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibody targets to cancer cells and deliver the substance without killing any normal body cells near the tumour.
Give three uses of monoclonal antibodies
Pregnancy test, pectin pathogens, measuring hormone levels
Describe the process of making monoclonal antibodies
- Inject the antigen into the mouse
- Extract the lymphocytes from the mouse and select the correct one
- Combine this with a tumour cell to produce a hybridoma cell that reproduces rapidly
- Allow this hybridoma cells are produced by mitosis
- The antibodies are then collected and purified
Name one insect that can cause damage to plants
Aphids
List four signs that a plant has a disease
Discolouration
Stunted growth
Pictures of Decay
Malformed stems/ leaves
How can a gardener identify disease that’s infected a plant
Laboratory
Testing kit
Gardening manual
How does cellulose cell walls protect a plant from microorganisms
Cellulose acts of physical barrier to stop pathogens entering
Give two types of chemical that plants can produce for Defence. For each type of chemical, explain how it helps the plant survive.
Antibacterial chemicals kill pathogens that could damage the plant
Poisons deter herbivores from eating the plant
State two types of mechanical adaptations that help plants protect themselves
Thorns or hairs stop animals touching and eating the plant
Drooping and curling leaves knock microorganisms off
A plant has stunted growth suggest what mineral it is deficient in
Nitrates
Why does a nitrate deficiency cause stunted growth
Nitrates are needed to make protein which plants need to grow
Name another mineral that plants require for healthy growth
Magnesium ions
How does a deficiency in magnesium ions affect a plant
The plant will have a lack of chlorophyll and will have yellow leaves
