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Grade 12 Challenge and Change in Society > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is acculturation

A

the process of contact, exposure, and exchange of ideas between different cultures that results in adaptations and changes to both groups

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2
Q

what is participant observation

A

the careful watching of a group; in some cases, living with its members and participating in their culture

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3
Q

what is diffusion

A

the spread of a cultural trait from one society to another through social contact

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4
Q

what are norms

A

the expectations of appropriate conduct that serve as the basis of all social interactions

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5
Q

what is microsociology

A

the study of small groups and individuals within a society

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6
Q

what is macrosociology

A

a sociological approach that analyzes social systems on a large scale

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7
Q

what is Cognitive consistency

A

the tendency of individuals to seek out stimuli that are consistent with their beliefs and attitudes and to limit exposure to those that are inconsistence

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8
Q

what is Cognitive dissonance

A

the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes

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9
Q

give an example of cognitive dissonance

A

a person is against climate change and wants to help stop it, yet still drives a car

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10
Q

what is social paradigm shift

A

when a new set of ideals, beliefs and values become strong enough to affect and change the way individuals see and perceive reality

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11
Q

give an example of social paradigm shift

A

!!

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12
Q

What are external factors that influence change

A

Physical environment, population changes, proximity, collectivist cultures, ethnocentrism, technology

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13
Q

How does Physical environment influence change

A

climate, habitat, weather, vegetation, animal population, etc affects it
When one changes, it causes a ripple effect on society

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14
Q

How does Population Changes influence change

A

Caused by immigration and emigration
They cause diversity
But, where will they live? Will they take jobs from other Canadians?
In Canada, there is a limit of how many people can immigrate/year to avoid problems
If society loses its population, that can also cause problems

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15
Q

how does proximity influence change

A

Societies that live closer together tend to develop more rapidly than those that are isolated
Change is more likely to occur when intercultural contact is high

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16
Q

how does collectivist culture influence change

A

??????

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17
Q

How does technology influence change

A

impacts culture’s social institutions, customs and values

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18
Q

what are the 2 predominant types of social structures

A

collectivist and individualist societies

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19
Q

Why do societies have a harder time accepting change

A

Societies that are pretty isolated have a harder time accepting change (they are pretty ethnocentric as well) and visa versa for closer societies

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20
Q

what are theories of change

A

Attempts to explain the complex nature of individuals in a society and their relation to change

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21
Q

what are the three theories of change

A

evolutionary, functionalist, conflict

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22
Q

what is the evolutionary theory of change

A

says that all societies evolve from simple beginnings and over time become more complex
Root of this theory is the notion of process

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23
Q

according to theorists of the evolutionary theory, what do they believe societies evolve from

A

According to these theorists: progress is measured by a society’s ability to move toward better living conditions, as well as its ability to innovative

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24
Q

what should the primary goal be with the evolutionary theory

A

Its primary goal should be its evolution from simple to sophisticated

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25
Q

how does the evolutionary theory differ from others

A

This differs from other theories that view change as disruptive and negative, this theory views change as a positive and beneficial force in society

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26
Q

who came up with the functionalist theory

A

Auguste Comte

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27
Q

what are theorists interested in studying with the functionalist theory

A

theorists are interested in studying how societies maintain stability and social order in the face of so many competing forced that drive change

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28
Q

what does the functionalist theory say about how societies function

A

Social institutions are a necessity; in a simple society, institutions are undifferentiated, meaning that a single institution served many functions

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29
Q

give an example of the functionalist theory

A

Eg. a family is a small institution— preforms reproductive, educational, social and economic functions
These institutions generate new norms, roles, social expectations and relationships

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30
Q

what is the conflict theory of change

A 
Every society is subject to constant change and that change brings disorganization and conflict, subjecting society to constant conflict 
this goes beyond what Marx had said (that struggle is only between rich and poor), it says that there is strain between those with authority (commanding class) and those in the obey class (those without authority) who are forced to follow the command class
Concerned with the inequalities that plague societies
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31
Q

Who came up with the conflict theory

A

Karl Marx

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32
Q

what are marxists

A

Marxists; groups with opposing interests are in conflict

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33
Q

what is the bobo doll experiment and what did it show

A

Bandura’s famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that observation can also play a role in how aggression is learned. Children who watched a video clip where an adult model behaved aggressively toward a Bobo doll were more likely to imitate those actions when given the opportunity

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34
Q

what is hysteria

A

Excessive & uncontrollable emotion

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35
Q

define cult

A

A group, usually with religious or spiritual beliefs, that is organized around a charismatic leader

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36
Q

define mob

A

fuelled by a single purpose; could be social/political; when it turns violent

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37
Q

what is a mob classified as

A

an acting crowd

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38
Q

what are the two subcategories of an Acting Crowd

A

riot and mob

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39
Q

what is a riot

A

frenzied, unorganized & emotional crowd without any particular purpose or goal is a riot; indulge in random violence

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40
Q

what is a flash mob

A

a large public gathering at which people perform an unusual or seemingly random act and then disperse, typically organized by means of the Internet or social media.

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41
Q

define collective behaviour

A

A broad term that refers to the ways people act in crowds, social movements or across an entire culture or society.
Usually spontaneous
May be unpredictable
Can be localized (people gathering in the same place at same time) or dispersed (scattered, and spread over a wide area)
Can also be irrational and even dangerous

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42
Q

what are the 4 types of crowds

A

casual crowd, conventional crowd, expressive crowd, acting crowd

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43
Q

what is a casual crowd

A

unrelated people who can form a casual group - a loose collection of people, use random labels (sports fans, bus driver, librarian, student); go out of their way not to have anything to do with one another (bus stop

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44
Q

what is a conventional crowd

A

people who have gathered for a specific event (e.g. Wedding, school assembly, etc);usually conform to social norms considered appropriate for event

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45
Q

what is the expressive crowd

A

crowds that gather at events that have emotional appeal (e.g. Hockey game, concert); sense of excitement prevails

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46
Q

what is an acting crowd

A

fuelled by a single purpose; could be social/political; when it turns violent, we call this a mob. A frenzied, unorganized & emotional crowd without any particular purpose or goal is a riot; indulge in random violence

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47
Q

define social movement

A

a form of collective behaviour by people who are promoting or resisting change to some aspect of society.
Can have broad-based goals aimed at changing society in fundamental ways e.g. Political movements
Usually more organized & longer lasting

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48
Q

what are the 3 categories of movements

A

First Category: Those that seek an alternative or change in a narrow segment of society

2) Second Category: Those that seek limited change but encompass the whole society
3) Third Category: Revolutionary; try to make change to basic structure of society

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49
Q

give an example of the first category of movements

A

(e.g. MADD)

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50
Q

giv an example of the second category of movements

A

(e.g. Debate over the death penalty)

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51
Q

give an example,e of the third category of movements

A

e.g. Separatist movement in Quebec)

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52
Q

what are the 2 main factors required for something to be considered “aggressive”

A

biological and environmental

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53
Q

how does biology impact aggressive

A

Biological factors can play a role. Men are more likely than women to engage in physical aggression. While researchers have found that women are less likely to engage in physical aggression, they also suggest that women do use non-physical forms such as verbal aggression, relational aggression and social rejection.

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54
Q

how does the environment impact aggression

A

Environmental factors also play a role, including how people were raised.
People who grow up witnessing more forms of aggression are more likely to believe that such violence and hostility are socially acceptable

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55
Q

what are the 3 main types of aggression

A

verbal, mental and physical

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56
Q

what is physical aggression

A

hitting or pushing

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57
Q

what is verbal aggression

A

Intimidating or verbally berating another person, for example, are examples of verbal, mental and emotional aggression
so basically it goes hand in hand with mental aggression as well

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58
Q

what is assertiveness

A

involves the use of LEGITIMATE and acceptable physical or verbal force to achieve one’s purpose. No intent to cause harm is present

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59
Q

what are the 4 theories of aggression

A

Instinctive theory, social learning theory, theory of moral reasoning and aggression, reformulated frustration-gression theory

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60
Q

how is assertiveness and caressive connected

A

Assertiveness is often confused, or connected with, aggressive behaviours
For example: a coach may say, “Be more aggressive!” when they should use the term assertive

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61
Q

who came up with the instinct theory

A

Freud and Lorenz

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62
Q

what is the instinctive theory

A

An innate drive similar to hunger, thirst and sexual desire
According to Freud, aggression is unavoidable since it is innate, but it can be regulated through “discharge or fulfillment” (through socially acceptable means vs. not)
Humans require a “purge” to release pent-up aggression, known as catharsis

63
Q

what is the social learning theory

A

Theorizes that aggression is a function of learning and not biological
Acts of aggression only serve to lay the foundation for more aggression, therefore, “purging” does not reduce the incidences
Bandura – aggression has a circular effect.
The pattern will continue until the circle is broken by a positive or negative reinforcement
(the bobob doll experiment)

64
Q

who came up with the social learning theory

A

Bandura

65
Q

what is the theory of moral reasoning

A

Based on Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Bredemeier proposes that an individual’s wilingness to engage in aggression is related to their stage of moral reasoning

66
Q

what is the reformulated frustration-aggression theory

A

Aggression is a natural response to frustration

External triggers influence aggression and a cathartic purge must occur to reduce the frustration

67
Q

what are the 4 forms of aggression

A

Physical
Verbal
Mental
Emotional

68
Q

what is the continuum of psychopathy

A

We must attempt to distinguish the difference between a true antisocial personality disorder and situational antisocial behaviour (temporary circumstance-based)

69
Q

what are the different levels of disturbance in the continuum of psychopathy

A

normal to neurotic, personality disorder, psychotic

70
Q

what is the work/school continuum of normal to neurotic disturbance

A

able to maintain employment. May have difficulties such as; registry, defensiveness, under-confidence, workaholics, over-ambition or underachievement

71
Q

what is the love/relationships continuum of normal to neurotic disturbance

A

able to maintain relationships. May have difficulties: conflicts with significant others or tendency to competitive

72
Q

what is the reality continuum of normal to neurotic disturbance

A

able to see reality clearly. May have minor defensive distortions, such as seeing the self (or significant other) as better than they really are

73
Q

what is the work/school of personality disorder

A

difficulty maintaining employment. May be grossly unemployed, unable to get along with colleagues and/or bosses or follow the riles. Can work if job allows total isolation or encourages grandiosity

74
Q

what is the love/relationships of personality disorder

A

unable to maintain relationships consistently

may avoid relationships, jump into them too quickly, or end them abruptly

75
Q

what is the reality of personality disorder

A

generally able to see reality with clarity (i.e. no hallucinations or delusions)
prone to gross miseinterpretation in interpersonal affairs

76
Q

what is the work/school of psychotic

A

unable to maintain employments anywhere near intellectual level
large % are chronically unemployed
trouble with the law

77
Q

what is the love/relationships of psychotic

A

tremendously difficult to maintain relationships; may be socially isolated
Socially peculiar

78
Q

what is the reality of psychotic

A

unable to distinguish clearly between what is real and what is not
has hallucinations or other psychotic thought process

79
Q

what is the empathy spectrum

A

Empathy varies according to the conditions we face at any given time, but for the most part, people with a “normal” personality fall in the normal range
The Empathy Spectrum: ranges from six degrees at one end, down to zero at the other. Six being highly empathetic, zero being a sociopath

80
Q

what is the empathy circuit

A

Deep in the brain lies the empathy circuit and is thought to involve at least 10 interconnected brain regions, termed the ‘social brain’. (prefrontal cortex, amygdalae – emotional learning, cues, reasoning)

81
Q

what are the 8 common traits of a sociopath

A 
SUPERFICIAL CHARM
NEED FOR CONSTANT STIMULATION
PARASITIC LIFESTYLE
MANIPULATIVE BEHAVIOUR
FAKING ILLNESS
AGGRESSION/ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
LACK OF EMPTHY AND REMORSE
PATHOGICAL LYING
82
Q

what is superficial charm

A

Minimal social inhibitions
Not afraid of offending people
A conversation feels like a bombardment/authoritative & mix up phrases and metaphors
Charming at first and will do anything to help/please to dupe you in (sociopaths are often called a social chameleon)
Blunt emotional reactions and fakes emotion to seem sincere
Fake smile: Often the only natural smile you’ll see is a sneer when they derive pleasure from seeing others suffer
Common for one to create a sense of similarity & intimacy (ex. Only you understand me, you’re “the one”)

83
Q

what is need for constant stimulation

A

They get bored easily – why? Head void of emotional “noise” and seek out entertainment
Very limited emotional range, quite shallow, has fleeting attachments
Don’t empathize with “neediness” and see no point in showing emotions or sharing feelings except as an act of manipulation
Will invalidate others’ experiences to cause a person to question their recollection of events
Abusive mind games: discounting (denial of the person’s sense of reality), diverting, trivializing, undermining, threatening, anger, rage

84
Q

wha is parasitic lifestyle

A

Being involved with a sociopath can feel like life is being sucked out of you (often passive aggressive in their techniques)
Types of PA: Victimization (plays the victim), Self-pity (“poor me” to get attention), Blaming Others (rather than take responsibility), Withholding (behaviours or roles to reinforce they are angry), Learned Helplessness (acting like they can’t help themselves to get another to act)
Passive Aggression is a destructive pattern and a form of emotional abuse causing distress to the intended target which elicits a feeling of guilt and responsibility

85
Q

what is manipulative behaviour

A

Control their victims through: Positive reinforcement (praise, superficial charm or sympathy, excessive apologies, gifts etc.) OR Negative Reinforcement (removing a person from an undesirable situation – ex. “If you let me move in with you, you won’t have to pay as much in bills”.)
They may also use: intermittent or partial reinforcement to create fear and doubt, and punishment, including nagging, intimidation, threats, swearing, emotional blackmail and crying as ways of playing the victim (which they do exceptionally well)
Sociopaths are always on the lookout for individuals to manipulate and have a three-phase approach: Assessment Phase – sizing up the victim for benefit (money, empathy level), Manipulation Phase - create a false persona, lie to gain trust, Abandonment Phase – victim no longer useful and moves onto new victim

86
Q

what is faking illness

A

Often lie about being ill or in recovery (ex. Cancer) to gain pity/ attention/money; their situation is always worse than yours

87
Q

what is aggression/anti-social behaviour

A

When a sociopath is sad or angry, they can fly into terrible rage
Vindictive/Cruel toward humans and animals (unless using as a prop during the manipulation phase)

88
Q

what is lack of empathy and remorse

A

Empathy – an ability to identify what someone is thinking/feeling and respond to them with an appropriate emotion. Scpth – only “I” exist.
Don’t care for others; no responsibility for own actions (always what was done to them)
Easy way to spot a SCPTH, is they attempt to establish intimacy through early sharing of deeply personal info intended to make one feel sorry for him/her
Addicted to high drama – always dealing with numerous problems and crises

89
Q

what is pathological lying

A

There are two types of liars: Compulsive (lie out of habit, not to hurt) and Pathological (lie to gain something – calculated)
Sociopaths don’t care who their lie will affect (even their own child) as long as they lie fits their purpose and achieves their goal
Keeps own friends apart since the lies often have different versions – nobody is “special” to a sociopath unless serving a purpose
May lie about credentials, previous relationships, status in life
Lies sociopaths create may be fantastic in nature, extensive, elaborate and complicated but all have the goal to make the sociopath look good, elicit pity or protect self

90
Q

in relation to a sociopath, what is an apathetic

A

People who collude (whether willingly or not) with sociopaths in their manipulation are called Apaths – meaning ‘apathetic’ toward the intentionally hurtful & manipulative behaviours of the Scpth (ex. Close friends, sibling and parents)
They may help due to unconditional love, poor judgment, fear or lack of insight (chooses not to see the problem) (ex. Milgram exp.)
Apaths are often fearful or do not posses the ability to confront a challenge and hence, “go with the flow” or practice avoidance

91
Q

in relation to a sociopath, what is an empath

A

Empaths, however, are very sensitive to the needs of others and will always help. They have trouble comprehending a lack of caring in others and often help people at the expense of their own needs

92
Q

what is a sociopath in the triad

A

Sociopaths pray on both of these people and use all three to achieve their goals

93
Q

what is the difference between a sociopath and a psychopath

A

the difference between psychopathy and sociopathy (when assessing a condition in a person) reflects the user’s views on the origins and determinants of the clinical disorder”. They both fall under Antisocial Personality Disorder.
In other words, the condition is forged entirely by social forces and call the condition sociopathy, whereas others are convinced that it is derived from a combination of psychological, biological and genetic factors and hence the term psychopathy

94
Q

what is gaslighting

A

Is a tactic often used by Sociopaths and is “the systematic attempt by one person to erode another’s reality
Gaslighting is a form of psychological abuse in which false info is presented in a way as to make the target doubt his/her own memory and perception
It creates question, anxiety, confusion, lack of self-worth and trust
Techniques used are similar to brainwashing, interrogation and psychological warfare
Gaslighting is a deliberate ploy of the gaslighter (sociopath) and gaslightee (empath). The endgame for the scpth is when the empath thinks they are going crazy. This can happen in any relationship: Parent/Child, Friends, Siblings, Romantic Partners, Colleagues

95
Q

what are the tree phases of gaslighting

A

Idealization, Devaluation and Discarding

96
Q

define narcissist

A

person who has an excessive interest in or admiration of themselves

97
Q

what is deductive reasoning

A

applying general assumptions to specific cases
e.g. all turtles have shells. The animal I have captured is a turtle. I conclude that the animal in my bad has a shell.
a guitar has strings and makes sounds. A violin has strings. Therefore the violin must also make sound.
All human have brains. Miss Wagner us a human; therefore, she has a brain (that usually functions well ;))

98
Q

what is inductive reasoning

A

collecting specific information to form a general assumption (generalizations and false assumptions)
All sheep that I have seen are white. All sheep must be white.
Most men enjoy sports. John is a man. He must enjoy sports.
Most women enjoy cooking. My mom is a woman. She must enjoy cooking

99
Q

which is more accurate, inductive or deductive reasoning

A

deductive

100
Q

what is the cognitive process

A

is employed for all decision people make
step-by-sept process where you break down the steps as thought you are creating your own adventure story
as we speak— we conduct a search through our brain to use the right words
we map things out and respond in what may seem like a natural way
our brains process info so fast, that many of our actions seem thoughtless

101
Q

what is the cognitive process flowchart

A

encounter problem—> encode or store info—> infer possible relationships—> map info—> apply possible responses—> does answer work—> respond (yes)

102
Q

define mental illness

A

a disturbance in thoughts and emotions that decreases a person’s capacity to cope with the challenges of everyday life

103
Q

define mental health

A

Functioning in a state of mental and emotional well-being

104
Q

define srigma

A

When someone appears to be different from us, we may view him/her in a negative stereotyped manner. Due to inaccuracies and misunderstandings, people have been led to believe that an individual with a mental illness has a weak character or is inevitably dangerous. The media, as a reflection of society, has done much to sustain a distorted view of mental illness

105
Q

define experimental psychology

A

the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific investigation of basic psychological processes such as learning, memory, and cognition in humans and animals.

106
Q

what is clinical psychology

A

the branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental illness and disability.

107
Q

what are some of freud’s defence mechanisms

A 
Compensation
Conversation
Daydreaming
Direct Attack
Repression
Displacement
Giving up
Idealization
Projection
Denial
Rationalization
Regression
108
Q

what is compensation

A

Using a substitute method to achieve a desired goal eg. Short-man syndrome

109
Q

what is conversation

A

Transferring an emotion into a physical symptom or complaint

110
Q

what is daydreaming

A

Accomplishing through imagination something you have not accomplished in reality

111
Q

what is direct attack

A

Overcoming obstacles or problems through realistic efforts to find solutions

112
Q

what is repression

A

Blocking of unacceptable impulses from consciousness

113
Q

what is displacement

A

Transferring an emotion connected with one person or thing to another person or thing; replacing a threatening object with a less threatening one. e.g. Being angry at your boss and kicking the dog or punching a pillow

114
Q

what is giving up

A

Allowing discouragement to get you down

115
Q

what is idealization

A

Placing value on something or someone that is beyond its worth; worship of someone/thing

116
Q

what is projection

A

Placing the blame for your failures on other people or things. e.g. Picking a fight with your boyfriend/ girlfriend because you failed a math test

117
Q

what is denial

A

The refusal to accept reality and to act as if a painful event or thought didn’t happen

118
Q

what is rationalization

A

Explaining your weaknesses or failures by giving socially acceptable excuses. e.g. I failed a test because i didn’t get enough sleep last night

119
Q

what is regression

A

Reverting back to a less mature stage of development. e.g. Overwhelming fear might lead to bed-wetting or thumb sucking

120
Q

what are some causes of mental illness

A

Too much stress!
Psychological factors (i.e. Early childhood experiences, emotional trauma)
Biological factors (i.e. Brain function, chemical imbalance, cognitive maladaptation)
Disease or illness
Genetic predisposition (inherited or susceptibility)
Environmental factors (extreme cultural change, relationship turmoil, substance abuse, trigger effect)

121
Q

what is the order of continuum with regard to mental health and illness

A

Normal -> Neurotic -> Borderline Personality Disorders -> Psychosis

122
Q

define normal

A

What the majority of population is like. Often statistically defined.
Does the subject fit within this realm of behaviour?

123
Q

define neurotic

A

A maladaptive behaviour (inappropriate to a given situation) is used as protection against unconscious anxiety
Sufferers experience high levels of tension or stress in managing their daily lives, but they may be able to function at work or in intimate relationships & friendships.
Panic attacks, Phobias, Obsessive-compulsive disorders

124
Q

define borderline personality disorders

A

Persistent neurotic behaviours often with a physical psychosomatic element, and some degree of hallucination; distorted perception of reality, which may be recognized by the individual as distortion.
e.g. Pathological liars

125
Q

define psychosis

A

Patient loses touch with the real world, may suffer from hallucinations or delusions and needs treatment before he/she can live a life with any degree of normality; individual believes the hallucinations / delusions.
Paranoia: suffering from irrational thought of persecution or foreboding
Schizophrenia
Multiple Personality Disorder (Disassociative Identity Disorder)

126
Q

what are the major categories of mental illness

A 
Anxiety Disorders
Personality Disorders
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenic Disorders
Substance Related Disorders
127
Q

give specific types of anxiety disorders

A

Generalized Anxiety disorder Phobias
OCD
Paranoia

128
Q

give examples of personality disorders

A

A habitual pattern of rule-breaking and harming of others.
Pathological lying
Absence of empathy towards others
Deliberately causing pain
A lack of guilt for damage caused
Often loners, highly suspicious & mistrustful of others
e.g. Sociopaths

129
Q

give examples of mood disorders

A

Major Depression: deep unhappiness causing sleep, appetite changes, suicide attempts
Bipolar Affective Disorder: mood changes beyond the normal range. Manic high to deep depression (low)

130
Q

give examples of Schizophrenic Disorders

A

A complex disorder that leads to feelings of distress and social isolation
Distortion of reality
Social withdrawal
Disturbances of thought, perception, motor activity and emotions.
Some become totally apathetic
Catatonic schizophrenics become rigid and mute, usually characterized by bizarre hallucinations & delusions.

131
Q

give examples of substance related disorders

A

Refers to the harmful use of substances (alcohol, drugs, tobacco) leading to significant impairment or distress.
Often classified as “abuse” or “dependence”

132
Q

what is stress

A

A feeling that is created when we react to particular events. It is the body’s way of rising to a challenge and preparing to meet a tough situation with focus, strength, stamina and heightened alertness. THESE EVENTS ARE CALLED STRESSORS
The way our body and mind reacts to life changes
Webster’s defines it as a physical or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension and that may be a factor in causing disease

133
Q

what are stressors

A

A stressor is anything that causes the release of stress hormones.

134
Q

what are examples of stressors

A 
physical and chemical
infections, toxins, illnesses, injuries
emotions
relationships (friends and family)
Psychological
mental illness, cognitive reasoning
135
Q

how are teens affected by stress and why are they more vulnerable

A

the difference is probably due to changed in a brain region called the prefrontal cortex, the area of the great that helps regulate behaviour, including understanding future consequences of one’s actions. In teens, this area is immature, which is why teens often seem to act without full understanding the consequences (welsh, 2011)

136
Q

what is good stress

A

???

137
Q

what can you do to combat stress?

A

sleep, excessive, deep breathing, visualization, meditation

138
Q

what is the difference between stress and anciety

A

many people use these terms interchangeably
“anxiety is a sense of apprehension or doom that s accompanied by certain physiological reactions, such as accelerated heart rate, sweaty palms, and tightness in the stomach”
panic disorder, phobic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder
stress alleviated by removing the stressor
anxiety continues after the stressor is removed

139
Q

define addiction

A

the fact or condition of being addicted to a particular substance, thing, or activity

140
Q

what are the 4 treatment programs for addiction

A

cognitive behavioural therapy
contingency management
motivational enhancement therapy
family therapy

141
Q

what illicit substance do teens abuse the most

A

????

142
Q

what environmental factors increase addiction

A

????

143
Q

What biological factors influence addiction

A

????

144
Q

describe how we develop a tolerance for drugs

A

the body needs more and more drugs to get the high, as the body is able to adapt to the amount it used to take to get a high

145
Q

identify some behaviours associated with drug use

A

Bloodshot eyes with dilated or pin point pupils not caused by changes in the intensity of light
Wearing sunglasses indoors and after sunset
Body language such as slouching, rapid up and down movement of the legs while seated
Lethargic
Sudden food cravings or loss of appetite and emaciation
No interest in former hobbies
Staring at nothing in particular
Diminished libido
Students missing classes, failing tests, and disruptive in class
Sometimes talking incessantly
Wanting to sleep as much as possible
Unnatural mood swings
Lack of interest in social activities
Personal hygiene is no longer important—clothing and bodies go for long periods unwashed
Blackened or rotting teeth
Suppurating sores on faces and bodies
Signs of premature aging
Not interested in finding employment; becomes a beggar/hustler
Becoming sloppy in appearance
Laughing at things/situations that are not obviously funny

146
Q

what are some negative effects of cocaine

A

Cocaine is a stimulant that triggers the reward system in the brain, which is why it’s so addictive. Dopamine is responsible for pleasurable feelings (like after we eat for example). Cocaine traps dopamine (and to lesser degrees serotonin [increased confidence] and norepinephrine [energy]) creating a build-up which is what maintains that pleasurable high. After time, your brain becomes so accustomed to elevated levels of dopamine that it actually manufactures additional receptors for this chemical, in effect rewiring your brain. In experiments, monkeys will press a bar up to 12,000 times before they are rewarded with cocaine and immediately begin again after the reward

147
Q

what are some negative effects of oxytocin

A

Oxycontin is a prescription narcotic that’s prescribed for long-term excessive pain management. Oxycontin is the brand-name for the opiate, Oxycodone, and it affects the brain in the same way as heroin or morphine. Oxycontin is manufactured with a built-in time release feature to deliver a sustainable amount of pain-relief over a twelve hour period.
How it is abused: Oxycontin is taken orally, in excess, to achieve a high very similar to heroin. Users also crush the tablet to by-pass the time release feature and receive the full amount of opiate at once. Once crushed, some may dilute the powder to inject the opiate. Snorting is less common

148
Q

what are some negative effects of ecstasy

A

stasy works by primarily affecting serotonin levels in the brain giving users increased energy, euphoria and lessens inhibitions. Serotonin is the messenger between cells in the brain which controls mood and emotions. Ecstasy releases all of the brain’s serotonin in one glorious rush. Research on animals has shown that elevated levels of serotonin destroy those brain terminals. Debate continues on the effect of ecstasy on humans, but some researchers believe that continued use of ecstasy may be toxic to the brain

149
Q

how does alcohol impact the brain

A

Alcohol not broken down by the liver goes to the rest of the body, including the brain. Alcohol can affect parts of the brain that control movement, speech, judgment, and memory. These effects lead to the familiar signs of drunkenness: difficulty walking, slurred speech, memory lapses, and impulsive behavior

150
Q

how does weed impact the brain

A

Short-Term Effects

When a person smokes marijuana, THC quickly passes from the lungs into the bloodstream. The blood carries the chemical to the brain and other organs throughout the body. The body absorbs THC more slowly when the person eats or drinks it. In that case, he or she generally feels the effects after 30 minutes to 1 hour.

THC acts on specific brain cell receptors that ordinarily react to natural THC-like chemicals. These natural chemicals play a role in normal brain development and function.

Marijuana overactivates parts of the brain that contain the highest number of these receptors. This causes the “high” that people feel. Other effects include:

altered senses (for example, seeing brighter colors)
altered sense of time
changes in mood
impaired body movement
difficulty with thinking and problem-solving
impaired memory
Long-Term Effects

Marijuana also affects brain development. When people begin using marijuana as teenagers, the drug may reduce thinking, memory, and learning functions and affect how the brain builds connections between the areas necessary for these functions. Marijuana’s effects on these abilities may last a long time or even be permanent.

For example, a study from New Zealand conducted in part by researchers at Duke University showed that people who started smoking marijuana heavily in their teens and had an ongoing marijuana use disorder lost an average of 8 IQ points between ages 13 and 38. The lost mental abilities didn’t fully return in those who quit marijuana as adults. Those who started smoking marijuana as adults didn’t show notable IQ declines.3 However, recent results from two studies on twins didn’t support a causal relationship between marijuana use and IQ loss. Those who used marijuana did show a significant decline in verbal ability (equivalent to 4 IQ points) and in general knowledge between the preteen years and early adulthood. However, no predictable difference was found between twins when one used marijuana and one didn’t. This suggests that the IQ decline may be caused by shared familial factors (e.g., genetics, family environment), and not by marijuana use itself.

151
Q

on average, what age does drug use begin

A

????

152
Q

what neurotransmitter is most influenced by the use of drugs

A

The Brain’s Chemical Transmitter???

153
Q

if drugs trigger the ‘reward centre’ of the brain, what area is that

A

the limbic system

Grade 12 Challenge and Change in Society (4 decks)

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