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Grade 12 Challenge and Change in Society > Exam > Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define anthropology

A

the study of the unity and diversity of humanity over time (and related primates) and of human culture, its origins and society from a global perspective. : The study of human beings as a species and as members of different cultural groups

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2
Q

what is the study of the unity and diversity of humanity over time (and related primates) and of human culture, its origins and society from a global perspective. : The study of human beings as a species and as members of different cultural groups

A

anthropology

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3
Q

what is The study of the thought processes and behaviour of individuals (human and animal). Main focus is HOW and WHY organisms behave a certain way

A

psychology

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4
Q

what is the study of human social life, groups and societies. :the study of individuals as part of a social structure and how people’s interactions determine behaviour.

A

sociology

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5
Q

what is psychology

A

The study of the thought processes and behaviour of individuals (human and animal). Main focus is HOW and WHY organisms behave a certain way

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6
Q

what is sociology

A

the study of human social life, groups and societies. :the study of individuals as part of a social structure and how people’s interactions determine behaviour.

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7
Q

what is social science

A

Social Science focuses on the study of individuals as well of the study of people as members of groups such as families, communities, tribes and other

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8
Q

what is the social learning theory

A

the school of thought that believed humans are born with little instinct but much learning potential most human behaviour is learned, therefore, society can have a great influence

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9
Q

what are some facts about perceptions

A

Habit makes us fail to perceive things as they are Learning affects our perceptions by creating expeditions to perceive in a particular way Once we select what we perceive, we organize what we perceive How we perceive is affected by our age/maturity Perception is an interpersonal phenomenon No 2 people perceive exactly the same thing Perceptions are culturally-biased Through feedback, we van check and see if our perceptions are similar

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10
Q

what are first impressions

A

every individual has these. They may be completely opposite from what the person is actually like. These are more of general outlines of a person’s personality. The big 5 traits are the primary focus of first impressions

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11
Q

what are the “Big 5 Traits”

A

Extraversion— Neuroticism— Openness— Agreeableness— Conscientiousness—

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12
Q

what is extraversion

A

outgoing person (takes 5 seconds to figure this out)

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13
Q

what is neuroticism

A

abnormally sensitive (takes several more seconds to figure this out)

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14
Q

what is openess

A

accepting/receptive (takes several more seconds to figure this out)

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15
Q

what is agreeableness

A

enjoyable and pleasurable (takes several more seconds to figure this out)

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16
Q

what is conscientiousness

A

wanting to do what is right (takes 5 seconds to figure this out), this one leaps out because of its more significant features (these are the people that stay on past)

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17
Q

are the big 5 traits correct

A

These judgments from the Big 5 are made after knowing someone for a minute. These impressions may be correct, but they are still just skin deep, you don’t know everything about the person. These impressions are correct only 30% of the time

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18
Q

what are the 3 main methodological approaches to social science

A

positivist, interpretive and critical

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19
Q

what is the positivist approach to social science

A

??

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20
Q

what is the interpretive approach to social science

A

??

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21
Q

what is the critical concern to social science

A

??

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22
Q

what is an example of a positive approach question

A

What is the relationship between __ and student __?

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23
Q

what is an example of a interpretive approach question

A

How does____ influence people’s lives?

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24
Q

what is an example of a critical approach question

A

What role does ___ have in creating inequalities?

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25
Q

what is a crowd

A

A group of people temporarily gathered together

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26
Q

what are the types of crowds

A

Casual crowd Conventional Crowd Expressive Crowd Acting Crowd

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27
Q

what is a casual crowd

A

unrelated people who can form a casual group - a loose collection of people, use random labels (sports fans, bus driver, librarian, student); go out of their way not to have anything to do with one another (bus stop)

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28
Q

what is a conventional crowd

A

people who have gathered for a specific event (e.g. Wedding, school assembly, etc);usually conform to social norms considered appropriate for event

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29
Q

what is an expressive crowd

A

crowds that gather at events that have emotional appeal (e.g. Hockey game, concert); sense of excitement prevails

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30
Q

what is an acting crowd

A

fuelled by a single purpose; could be social/political; when it turns violent, we call this a mob. A frenzied, unorganized & emotional crowd without any particular purpose or goal is a riot; indulge in random violence

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31
Q

what is a mob

A

when it turns violent, we call this a mob.

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32
Q

what is a riot

A

frenzied, unorganized & emotional crowd without any particular purpose or goal is a riot;

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33
Q

what is hysteria

A

Excessive & uncontrollable emotion

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34
Q

what is a cult

A

A group, usually with religious or spiritual beliefs, that is organized around a charismatic leader

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35
Q

what happens to our brain when we get angry

A

Anger can be a very destructive human emotion, leading to a situation where someone could ‘act without thinking’. This is due to the amygdala (a cluster or neurons located in the brain’s medial temporal lobe) overtaking the prefrontal cortex (the executive control centre of the brain – where planning and decision making occurs). When we get angry, the amygdala triggers the release of dopamine (a neurotransmitter in the brain- associated with the pleasure system – provides feelings of enjoyment and motivation to do certain activities) and adrenaline (a hormone released into the blood stream in response to physical or mental stress) which floods the system of our body causing muscle alertness and increased heart rate. Anger causes blood pressure to surge leading to massive levels of instability in the walls of the arteries. When angry, the release of adrenaline makes the heart beat more rapidly and forcefully – the amount of blood being pumped goes from around 4 liters to 20 liters per minute

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36
Q

what happens to our brain when we are in love

A

Lust begins in the limbic system (a set of brain structures including the hippocampus, hypothalamus and amygdala that support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior and long term memory). The chemical messenger dopamine (which stimulates your reproductive organs causing sexual arousal) is produced by the hypothalamus (the brain’s thermostat – regulates pleasure, hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, blood pressure, breathing…) and pituitary gland (controls certain body processes dealing with sex organ functions, blood pressure, growth, thyroid and metabolism). Studies in Italy show that “love is merely madness…” – Shakespeare. Serotonin (a neurotransmitter that regulates functions such as appetite, sleep patterns and emotions – also plays a part in the biochemistry of depression and anxiety) is a mood stabilizer produced by the body - but research indicates that low levels of serotonin can cause crazy, obsessive thinking brought on by new love. Oxytocin (facilitates sperm ejaculation in males stimulates muscle contractions during labour for mothers) is a powerful hormone. Thought to induce pair bonding (finding a mate),it is created by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. Oxytocin travels throughout the body when sexual stimulation occurs

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37
Q

what conditions cause people to likely to conform

A

1) When the group is like them in the first place. 2) When the person or group is popular or has high status. 3) When the person or group is attractive. 4) When the person or group is trustworthy or an expert.. 5) When the person is able to offer rewards or punishments.

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38
Q

how does “When the group is like them in the first place.” make someone conform

A

If the group has the same values and interests and comes from a similar background, people are more likely to conform.

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39
Q

how does “When the person or group is popular or has high status” make people conform

A

Researchers found subjects were less likely to jaywalk when a respectably dressed model did not jaywalk. But the subjects didn’t hesitate to jaywalk when a poorly dressed (apparently low-status) model did not jaywalk.

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40
Q

how does “When the person or group is attractive” cause people to conform

A

People like to identify with those people who are physically more attractive or admired. By conforming, they hope people will identify themselves as being attractive too.

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41
Q

how does “When the person or group is trustworthy or an expert” cause people to conform

A

When individuals are uncertain they often follow the lead of someone they trust or who is an expert on the subject

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42
Q

how does “When the person is able to offer rewards or punishments

A

Often people in authority offer rewards or hand out punishments to make others conform to their wishes. Social psychologists call this type of conformity compliance.

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43
Q

what is participation observation

A

the careful watching of a group; in some cases, living with its members and participating in heir culture

44
Q

what is microsociology

A

the study of small groups and individuals within a society

45
Q

what is macrosociology

A

a sociological approach that analyzes social systems on a large scale

46
Q

what is cognitive dissonance

A

the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes

47
Q

give an example of cognitive dissonance

A

against climate change, yet still drives a car that pollutes the earth

48
Q

what is ethnocentrism

A

the belief that one’s own nation, culture or ethnic group is superior to all others

49
Q

what are the types of psychology

A

clinical and experimental

50
Q

what is clinical psychology

A

is the branch of the discipline that develops programs for treating individuals suffering from mental illnesses and behavioural disorders Eg. Psychologists treat dangerous offenders in federal prisons in an attempt to prevent them from reoffending on release

51
Q

what is experimental psychology

A

The branch of the discipline that sets up experiments to see how individuals act in particular situations

52
Q

what is the bystander effect

A

when there are more people around, they are less likely to act/call for help/etc because they think someone else will

53
Q

what is qualitative data

A

non-numerical data

54
Q

what is quantitative data

A

numerical data

55
Q

what is the nature vs nurture theory

A

nature– everything is inherited nurture– everything depends on how you were raise there is no “right answer” it is constantly debated

56
Q

what does reliable mean in reference to experiments

A

how reliable/trustworthy is the data, scientist conducting experiment, etc

57
Q

what is aggression

A

psychology, the term aggression refers to a range of behaviors that can result in both physical and psychological harm to oneself, other or objects in the environment. This type of social interaction centers on harming another person, either physically or mentally

58
Q

what are the forms of aggression

A

Physical Verbal Mental Emotional

59
Q

what are the two types of aggression

A

impulsive instrumental hostile

60
Q

what is impulsive aggression

A

also known as affective aggression, is characterized by strong emotions, usually anger. This form of aggression is not planned and often takes place in the heat of the moment. When another car cuts you off in traffic and you begin yelling and berating the other driver, you are experiencing impulsive aggression

61
Q

what is instrumental aggression

A

also known as predatory aggression, is marked by behaviors that are intended to achieve a larger goal. Instrumental aggression is often carefully planned and usually exists as a means to an end. Hurting another person in a robbery or car-jacking is an example of this type of aggression. The aggressors goal is to obtain money or a vehicle, and harming another individual is the means to achieve that aim

62
Q

who conducted the bobo doll experiment

A

Bandura’s

63
Q

what was the bobo doll experiment

A

People who grow up witnessing more forms of aggression are more likely to believe that such violence and hostility are socially acceptable. Bandura’s famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that observation can also play a role in how aggression is learned. Children who watched a video clip where an adult model behaved aggressively toward a Bobo doll were more likely to imitate those actions when given the opportunity

64
Q

what is the difference between aggression and assertiveness

A

Assertiveness is often confused, or connected with, aggressive behaviours For example: a coach may say, “Be more aggressive!” when they should use the term assertive Assertiveness involves the use of legitimate and acceptable physical or verbal force to achieve one’s purpose No intent to cause harm is present

65
Q

what is the social learning theory

A

Theorizes that aggression is a function of learning and not biological Acts of aggression only serve to lay the foundation for more aggression, therefore, “purging” does not reduce the incidences Bandura – aggression has a circular effect. The pattern will continue until the circle is broken by a positive or negative reinforcement

66
Q

what is hostile agression

A

primary goal is to injury another human being (P, E, M) The intent is to make the person suffer and the reinforcement (Skinner) is the pain that is caused Anger is always accompanied The goal is to harm, not win

67
Q

what is the levels of disturbance continuum

A

We must attempt to distinguish the difference between a true antisocial personality disorder and situational antisocial behaviour (temporary circumstance-based

68
Q

what is the difference between a sociopath and a psycopath

A

Hare stated that, “the difference between psychopathy and sociopathy (when assessing a condition in a person) reflects the user’s views on the origins and determinants of the clinical disorder”. They both fall under Antisocial Personality Disorder.

In other words, the condition is forged entirely by social forces and call the condition sociopathy, whereas others are convinced that it is derived from a combination of psychological, biological and genetic factors and hence the term psychopathy

69
Q

what are the general traits of a sociopath

A

The cruelty of sociopaths finds no bounds, as there is often no recourse, treatment or punishment to permanently stop them. Sociopaths are extremely difficult to see in society and there is no “cure”, and most sociopaths do not want or seek out help to “get better”.

The sociopath’s superficial charm is usually the means by which they condition people.

On initial contact, a sociopath will often test other people’s empathy, so questions geared toward discovering whether you are highly empathetic or not should ring alarm bells. Example: “So, if I was having a hard day at work, how would you make me feel better?

70
Q

what are the traits of a sociopath

A

superficial charm

need for constant stimulation

parasitic lifestyle

manipulative behviour

faking illness

aggression/anti-social behaviour

lack of empathy/remorse

pathalogical lying

71
Q

define gang

A

A loosely organized group of individuals who collaborate for social reasons. Modern gangs associate for anti-social reasons

72
Q

what is mental health

A

Functioning in a state of mental and emotional well-being

73
Q

what is mental illness

A

a disturbance in thoughts and emotions that decreases a person’s capacity to cope with the challenges of everyday life

74
Q

what is stigma

A

When someone appears to be different from us, we may view him/her in a negative stereotyped manner. Due to inaccuracies and misunderstandings, people have been led to believe that an individual with a mental illness has a weak character or is inevitably dangerous. The media, as a reflection of society, has done much to sustain a distorted view of mental illness

75
Q

what are the categories of mental illnesses

A

anciety disorders, personality disorders, mood disorders, Schizophrenic Disorders, Substance Related Disorders

76
Q

what category does bipolar disorder fall under

A

mood

77
Q

what category does schizophrenia fall under

A

Schizophrenic Disorders

78
Q

what category does ocd fall under

A

Anxiety Disorders

79
Q

what is stress

A

A feeling that is created when we react to particular events. It is the body’s way of rising to a challenge and preparing to meet a tough situation with focus, strength, stamina and heightened alertness. THESE EVENTS ARE CALLED STRESSORS

The way our body and mind reacts to life changes

Webster’s defines it as a physical or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension and that may be a factor in causing disease

80
Q

what are stressors

A

events that cause stress (tests)

81
Q

what are some examples of stressors

A

physical and chemical

–infections, toxins, illnesses, injuries

emotions

–relationships (friends and family)

Psychological

–mental illness, cognitive reasoning

82
Q

what are some “stress bustors””

A

regulated breathing (TUZA)

mindfulness

visualization

muscle relaxation— body scans

83
Q

what is the difference between stress and a panic/anxiety attack

A

many people use these terms interchangeably

“anxiety is a sense of apprehension or doom that s accompanied by certain physiological reactions, such as accelerated heart rate, sweaty palms, and tightness in the stomach” (calson and heth, 2010)

panic disorder, phobic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder

stress alleviated by removing the stressor

anxiety continues after the stressor is removed

84
Q

what happens to the thyroid when stress happened

A

there becomes signs of stress and inflimation

85
Q

what is cognitive process

A

employed for all decision people make

step-by-sept process where you break down the steps as thought you are creating your own adventure story

as we speak— we conduct a search through our brain to use the right words

we map things out and respond in hat may seem like a natural way

our brains process info so fact, that many of our actions seem thoughtless

86
Q

what is the cognitive process order

A

encounter problem—> encode or store info—> infer possible relationships—> map info—> apply possible responses—> does answer work—> respond (yes)

87
Q

what is deductive reasoning

A

applying general assumptions to specific cases

88
Q

give an example of deductive reasoning

A

e.g. all turtles have shells. The animal I have captured is a turtle. I conclude that the animal in my bad has a shell.

a guitar has strings and makes sounds. A violin has strings. Therefore the violin must also make sound.

All human have brains. Miss Wagner us a human; therefore, she has a brain (that usually functions well ;))

89
Q

what is inductive reasoning

A

collecting specific information to form a general assumption (generalizations and false assumptions)

90
Q

give examples of inductive resoning

A

All sheep that I have seen are white. All sheep must be white.

Most men enjoy sports. John is a man. He must enjoy sports.

Most women enjoy cooking. My mom is a woman. She must enjoy cooking

91
Q

is inductive or deductive reasoning more accurate

A

deductive

92
Q

how do drugs impact the brain

A

reward centre of the brain: limbic system

decision to use drugs or not: prefrontal cortex

neurotransmitter: dopamine

93
Q

what hormone do drugs trigger

A

dopamine

94
Q

what are the 4 types of treatment programs for drug abuse

A

cognitive behavioural therapy

contingency management

motivational enhancement therapy

family therapy

95
Q

how does drug addiction work? why can’t people just stop

A

tolerance– so when a person does drugs, they build up a little tolerance each time and the body needs more of the drug in order to feel the way they did the first time (they crave the dopamine release), and eventually they have a reliance on the drug and need it all the time

96
Q

which drugs are considered “drugs”

A

Marijuana (Cannabis)

MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)

Mescaline (Peyote)

Methamphetamine.

Over-the-counter. Cough/Cold Medicines. (Dextromethorphan or DXM)

PCP.

Prescription Opioids.

Prescription Sedatives. (Tranquilizers, Depressants)

97
Q

what is the corrolation between drugs and aids

A

Injection drug use. Lots of people know that injection drug use and needle sharing contribute to the risk of spreading HIV/AIDS. Injection drug use is when a drug is injected into a tissue or vein with a needle. When people share “equipment”—such as needles, syringes, and other drug injection tools—HIV can be passed between users because the bodily fluid (for example, blood) from the infected person can remain on the equipment. Other infections—such as hepatitis C—can also be spread this way. Hepatitis C can cause liver disease and permanent liver damage.

Poor judgment and risky behavior. Drugs and alcohol affect the way a person makes choices and can lead to unsafe sexual practices, which put them at risk for getting HIV or giving it to someone else.

Biological effects of drugs. Drug use and addiction can make HIV and its consequences worse, especially in the brain. For example, research has shown that HIV causes more harm to nerve cells in the brain and greater cognitive (thinking) damage among people who use methamphetamine than among people with HIV who do not use drugs.

98
Q

what does apa stand for

A

American Psychological Association

99
Q

what are soem key rules of apa

A

running head (top of page, 50 characters or less, first page has “Running head: W DLIQY” and the rest do not have “running head”

headings are in the centre, textual difference

references are alphabetical, hanging indent, listed under “references”

in-text citations are in bracets

100
Q

define plagerism

A

the practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own

101
Q

what are the consequances of plagerism

A

kicked out of school, 0% on paper, achedemic probabtion, etc

102
Q

what can be plagerized

A

your own work, other’s work, information, ideas

103
Q

what is islamophobia

A

dislike of or prejudice against Islam or Muslims, especially as a political force

104
Q

what is xenophobia

A

intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries

105
Q
A
106
Q

what are social norms

A

informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society. Social psychology recognizes smaller group units, such as a team or an office, may also endorse normsseparately or in addition to cultural or societal expectations

107
Q
A

Grade 12 Challenge and Change in Society (4 decks)

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