Exam Flashcards
define anthropology
the study of the unity and diversity of humanity over time (and related primates) and of human culture, its origins and society from a global perspective. : The study of human beings as a species and as members of different cultural groups
what is the study of the unity and diversity of humanity over time (and related primates) and of human culture, its origins and society from a global perspective. : The study of human beings as a species and as members of different cultural groups
anthropology
what is The study of the thought processes and behaviour of individuals (human and animal). Main focus is HOW and WHY organisms behave a certain way
psychology
what is the study of human social life, groups and societies. :the study of individuals as part of a social structure and how people’s interactions determine behaviour.
sociology
what is psychology
The study of the thought processes and behaviour of individuals (human and animal). Main focus is HOW and WHY organisms behave a certain way
what is sociology
the study of human social life, groups and societies. :the study of individuals as part of a social structure and how people’s interactions determine behaviour.
what is social science
Social Science focuses on the study of individuals as well of the study of people as members of groups such as families, communities, tribes and other
what is the social learning theory
the school of thought that believed humans are born with little instinct but much learning potential most human behaviour is learned, therefore, society can have a great influence
what are some facts about perceptions
Habit makes us fail to perceive things as they are Learning affects our perceptions by creating expeditions to perceive in a particular way Once we select what we perceive, we organize what we perceive How we perceive is affected by our age/maturity Perception is an interpersonal phenomenon No 2 people perceive exactly the same thing Perceptions are culturally-biased Through feedback, we van check and see if our perceptions are similar
what are first impressions
every individual has these. They may be completely opposite from what the person is actually like. These are more of general outlines of a person’s personality. The big 5 traits are the primary focus of first impressions
what are the “Big 5 Traits”
Extraversion— Neuroticism— Openness— Agreeableness— Conscientiousness—
what is extraversion
outgoing person (takes 5 seconds to figure this out)
what is neuroticism
abnormally sensitive (takes several more seconds to figure this out)
what is openess
accepting/receptive (takes several more seconds to figure this out)
what is agreeableness
enjoyable and pleasurable (takes several more seconds to figure this out)
what is conscientiousness
wanting to do what is right (takes 5 seconds to figure this out), this one leaps out because of its more significant features (these are the people that stay on past)
are the big 5 traits correct
These judgments from the Big 5 are made after knowing someone for a minute. These impressions may be correct, but they are still just skin deep, you don’t know everything about the person. These impressions are correct only 30% of the time
what are the 3 main methodological approaches to social science
positivist, interpretive and critical
what is the positivist approach to social science
??
what is the interpretive approach to social science
??
what is the critical concern to social science
??
what is an example of a positive approach question
What is the relationship between __ and student __?
what is an example of a interpretive approach question
How does____ influence people’s lives?
what is an example of a critical approach question
What role does ___ have in creating inequalities?
what is a crowd
A group of people temporarily gathered together
what are the types of crowds
Casual crowd Conventional Crowd Expressive Crowd Acting Crowd
what is a casual crowd
unrelated people who can form a casual group - a loose collection of people, use random labels (sports fans, bus driver, librarian, student); go out of their way not to have anything to do with one another (bus stop)
what is a conventional crowd
people who have gathered for a specific event (e.g. Wedding, school assembly, etc);usually conform to social norms considered appropriate for event
what is an expressive crowd
crowds that gather at events that have emotional appeal (e.g. Hockey game, concert); sense of excitement prevails
what is an acting crowd
fuelled by a single purpose; could be social/political; when it turns violent, we call this a mob. A frenzied, unorganized & emotional crowd without any particular purpose or goal is a riot; indulge in random violence
what is a mob
when it turns violent, we call this a mob.
what is a riot
frenzied, unorganized & emotional crowd without any particular purpose or goal is a riot;
what is hysteria
Excessive & uncontrollable emotion
what is a cult
A group, usually with religious or spiritual beliefs, that is organized around a charismatic leader
what happens to our brain when we get angry
Anger can be a very destructive human emotion, leading to a situation where someone could ‘act without thinking’. This is due to the amygdala (a cluster or neurons located in the brain’s medial temporal lobe) overtaking the prefrontal cortex (the executive control centre of the brain – where planning and decision making occurs). When we get angry, the amygdala triggers the release of dopamine (a neurotransmitter in the brain- associated with the pleasure system – provides feelings of enjoyment and motivation to do certain activities) and adrenaline (a hormone released into the blood stream in response to physical or mental stress) which floods the system of our body causing muscle alertness and increased heart rate. Anger causes blood pressure to surge leading to massive levels of instability in the walls of the arteries. When angry, the release of adrenaline makes the heart beat more rapidly and forcefully – the amount of blood being pumped goes from around 4 liters to 20 liters per minute
what happens to our brain when we are in love
Lust begins in the limbic system (a set of brain structures including the hippocampus, hypothalamus and amygdala that support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior and long term memory). The chemical messenger dopamine (which stimulates your reproductive organs causing sexual arousal) is produced by the hypothalamus (the brain’s thermostat – regulates pleasure, hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, blood pressure, breathing…) and pituitary gland (controls certain body processes dealing with sex organ functions, blood pressure, growth, thyroid and metabolism). Studies in Italy show that “love is merely madness…” – Shakespeare. Serotonin (a neurotransmitter that regulates functions such as appetite, sleep patterns and emotions – also plays a part in the biochemistry of depression and anxiety) is a mood stabilizer produced by the body - but research indicates that low levels of serotonin can cause crazy, obsessive thinking brought on by new love. Oxytocin (facilitates sperm ejaculation in males stimulates muscle contractions during labour for mothers) is a powerful hormone. Thought to induce pair bonding (finding a mate),it is created by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. Oxytocin travels throughout the body when sexual stimulation occurs
what conditions cause people to likely to conform
1) When the group is like them in the first place. 2) When the person or group is popular or has high status. 3) When the person or group is attractive. 4) When the person or group is trustworthy or an expert.. 5) When the person is able to offer rewards or punishments.
how does “When the group is like them in the first place.” make someone conform
If the group has the same values and interests and comes from a similar background, people are more likely to conform.
how does “When the person or group is popular or has high status” make people conform
Researchers found subjects were less likely to jaywalk when a respectably dressed model did not jaywalk. But the subjects didn’t hesitate to jaywalk when a poorly dressed (apparently low-status) model did not jaywalk.
how does “When the person or group is attractive” cause people to conform
People like to identify with those people who are physically more attractive or admired. By conforming, they hope people will identify themselves as being attractive too.
how does “When the person or group is trustworthy or an expert” cause people to conform
When individuals are uncertain they often follow the lead of someone they trust or who is an expert on the subject
how does “When the person is able to offer rewards or punishments
Often people in authority offer rewards or hand out punishments to make others conform to their wishes. Social psychologists call this type of conformity compliance.
what is participation observation
the careful watching of a group; in some cases, living with its members and participating in heir culture
what is microsociology
the study of small groups and individuals within a society
what is macrosociology
a sociological approach that analyzes social systems on a large scale
what is cognitive dissonance
the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes
give an example of cognitive dissonance
against climate change, yet still drives a car that pollutes the earth
what is ethnocentrism
the belief that one’s own nation, culture or ethnic group is superior to all others
what are the types of psychology
clinical and experimental
what is clinical psychology
is the branch of the discipline that develops programs for treating individuals suffering from mental illnesses and behavioural disorders Eg. Psychologists treat dangerous offenders in federal prisons in an attempt to prevent them from reoffending on release
what is experimental psychology
The branch of the discipline that sets up experiments to see how individuals act in particular situations
what is the bystander effect
when there are more people around, they are less likely to act/call for help/etc because they think someone else will
what is qualitative data
non-numerical data
what is quantitative data
numerical data
what is the nature vs nurture theory
nature– everything is inherited nurture– everything depends on how you were raise there is no “right answer” it is constantly debated
what does reliable mean in reference to experiments
how reliable/trustworthy is the data, scientist conducting experiment, etc
what is aggression
psychology, the term aggression refers to a range of behaviors that can result in both physical and psychological harm to oneself, other or objects in the environment. This type of social interaction centers on harming another person, either physically or mentally
what are the forms of aggression
Physical Verbal Mental Emotional
what are the two types of aggression
impulsive instrumental hostile
what is impulsive aggression
also known as affective aggression, is characterized by strong emotions, usually anger. This form of aggression is not planned and often takes place in the heat of the moment. When another car cuts you off in traffic and you begin yelling and berating the other driver, you are experiencing impulsive aggression
what is instrumental aggression
also known as predatory aggression, is marked by behaviors that are intended to achieve a larger goal. Instrumental aggression is often carefully planned and usually exists as a means to an end. Hurting another person in a robbery or car-jacking is an example of this type of aggression. The aggressors goal is to obtain money or a vehicle, and harming another individual is the means to achieve that aim
who conducted the bobo doll experiment
Bandura’s
what was the bobo doll experiment
People who grow up witnessing more forms of aggression are more likely to believe that such violence and hostility are socially acceptable. Bandura’s famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that observation can also play a role in how aggression is learned. Children who watched a video clip where an adult model behaved aggressively toward a Bobo doll were more likely to imitate those actions when given the opportunity
what is the difference between aggression and assertiveness
Assertiveness is often confused, or connected with, aggressive behaviours For example: a coach may say, “Be more aggressive!” when they should use the term assertive Assertiveness involves the use of legitimate and acceptable physical or verbal force to achieve one’s purpose No intent to cause harm is present
what is the social learning theory
Theorizes that aggression is a function of learning and not biological Acts of aggression only serve to lay the foundation for more aggression, therefore, “purging” does not reduce the incidences Bandura – aggression has a circular effect. The pattern will continue until the circle is broken by a positive or negative reinforcement
what is hostile agression
primary goal is to injury another human being (P, E, M) The intent is to make the person suffer and the reinforcement (Skinner) is the pain that is caused Anger is always accompanied The goal is to harm, not win
what is the levels of disturbance continuum
We must attempt to distinguish the difference between a true antisocial personality disorder and situational antisocial behaviour (temporary circumstance-based
what is the difference between a sociopath and a psycopath
Hare stated that, “the difference between psychopathy and sociopathy (when assessing a condition in a person) reflects the user’s views on the origins and determinants of the clinical disorder”. They both fall under Antisocial Personality Disorder.
In other words, the condition is forged entirely by social forces and call the condition sociopathy, whereas others are convinced that it is derived from a combination of psychological, biological and genetic factors and hence the term psychopathy
what are the general traits of a sociopath
The cruelty of sociopaths finds no bounds, as there is often no recourse, treatment or punishment to permanently stop them. Sociopaths are extremely difficult to see in society and there is no “cure”, and most sociopaths do not want or seek out help to “get better”.
The sociopath’s superficial charm is usually the means by which they condition people.
On initial contact, a sociopath will often test other people’s empathy, so questions geared toward discovering whether you are highly empathetic or not should ring alarm bells. Example: “So, if I was having a hard day at work, how would you make me feel better?
what are the traits of a sociopath
superficial charm
need for constant stimulation
parasitic lifestyle
manipulative behviour
faking illness
aggression/anti-social behaviour
lack of empathy/remorse
pathalogical lying
define gang
A loosely organized group of individuals who collaborate for social reasons. Modern gangs associate for anti-social reasons
what is mental health
Functioning in a state of mental and emotional well-being
what is mental illness
a disturbance in thoughts and emotions that decreases a person’s capacity to cope with the challenges of everyday life
what is stigma
When someone appears to be different from us, we may view him/her in a negative stereotyped manner. Due to inaccuracies and misunderstandings, people have been led to believe that an individual with a mental illness has a weak character or is inevitably dangerous. The media, as a reflection of society, has done much to sustain a distorted view of mental illness
what are the categories of mental illnesses
anciety disorders, personality disorders, mood disorders, Schizophrenic Disorders, Substance Related Disorders
what category does bipolar disorder fall under
mood
what category does schizophrenia fall under
Schizophrenic Disorders
what category does ocd fall under
Anxiety Disorders
what is stress
A feeling that is created when we react to particular events. It is the body’s way of rising to a challenge and preparing to meet a tough situation with focus, strength, stamina and heightened alertness. THESE EVENTS ARE CALLED STRESSORS
The way our body and mind reacts to life changes
Webster’s defines it as a physical or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension and that may be a factor in causing disease
what are stressors
events that cause stress (tests)
what are some examples of stressors
physical and chemical
–infections, toxins, illnesses, injuries
emotions
–relationships (friends and family)
Psychological
–mental illness, cognitive reasoning
what are some “stress bustors””
regulated breathing (TUZA)
mindfulness
visualization
muscle relaxation— body scans
what is the difference between stress and a panic/anxiety attack
many people use these terms interchangeably
“anxiety is a sense of apprehension or doom that s accompanied by certain physiological reactions, such as accelerated heart rate, sweaty palms, and tightness in the stomach” (calson and heth, 2010)
panic disorder, phobic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder
stress alleviated by removing the stressor
anxiety continues after the stressor is removed
what happens to the thyroid when stress happened
there becomes signs of stress and inflimation
what is cognitive process
employed for all decision people make
step-by-sept process where you break down the steps as thought you are creating your own adventure story
as we speak— we conduct a search through our brain to use the right words
we map things out and respond in hat may seem like a natural way
our brains process info so fact, that many of our actions seem thoughtless
what is the cognitive process order
encounter problem—> encode or store info—> infer possible relationships—> map info—> apply possible responses—> does answer work—> respond (yes)
what is deductive reasoning
applying general assumptions to specific cases
give an example of deductive reasoning
e.g. all turtles have shells. The animal I have captured is a turtle. I conclude that the animal in my bad has a shell.
a guitar has strings and makes sounds. A violin has strings. Therefore the violin must also make sound.
All human have brains. Miss Wagner us a human; therefore, she has a brain (that usually functions well ;))
what is inductive reasoning
collecting specific information to form a general assumption (generalizations and false assumptions)
give examples of inductive resoning
All sheep that I have seen are white. All sheep must be white.
Most men enjoy sports. John is a man. He must enjoy sports.
Most women enjoy cooking. My mom is a woman. She must enjoy cooking
is inductive or deductive reasoning more accurate
deductive
how do drugs impact the brain
reward centre of the brain: limbic system
decision to use drugs or not: prefrontal cortex
neurotransmitter: dopamine
what hormone do drugs trigger
dopamine
what are the 4 types of treatment programs for drug abuse
cognitive behavioural therapy
contingency management
motivational enhancement therapy
family therapy
how does drug addiction work? why can’t people just stop
tolerance– so when a person does drugs, they build up a little tolerance each time and the body needs more of the drug in order to feel the way they did the first time (they crave the dopamine release), and eventually they have a reliance on the drug and need it all the time
which drugs are considered “drugs”
Marijuana (Cannabis)
MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)
Mescaline (Peyote)
Methamphetamine.
Over-the-counter. Cough/Cold Medicines. (Dextromethorphan or DXM)
PCP.
Prescription Opioids.
Prescription Sedatives. (Tranquilizers, Depressants)
what is the corrolation between drugs and aids
Injection drug use. Lots of people know that injection drug use and needle sharing contribute to the risk of spreading HIV/AIDS. Injection drug use is when a drug is injected into a tissue or vein with a needle. When people share “equipment”—such as needles, syringes, and other drug injection tools—HIV can be passed between users because the bodily fluid (for example, blood) from the infected person can remain on the equipment. Other infections—such as hepatitis C—can also be spread this way. Hepatitis C can cause liver disease and permanent liver damage.
Poor judgment and risky behavior. Drugs and alcohol affect the way a person makes choices and can lead to unsafe sexual practices, which put them at risk for getting HIV or giving it to someone else.
Biological effects of drugs. Drug use and addiction can make HIV and its consequences worse, especially in the brain. For example, research has shown that HIV causes more harm to nerve cells in the brain and greater cognitive (thinking) damage among people who use methamphetamine than among people with HIV who do not use drugs.
what does apa stand for
American Psychological Association
what are soem key rules of apa
running head (top of page, 50 characters or less, first page has “Running head: W DLIQY” and the rest do not have “running head”
headings are in the centre, textual difference
references are alphabetical, hanging indent, listed under “references”
in-text citations are in bracets
define plagerism
the practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own
what are the consequances of plagerism
kicked out of school, 0% on paper, achedemic probabtion, etc
what can be plagerized
your own work, other’s work, information, ideas
what is islamophobia
dislike of or prejudice against Islam or Muslims, especially as a political force
what is xenophobia
intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries
what are social norms
informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society. Social psychology recognizes smaller group units, such as a team or an office, may also endorse normsseparately or in addition to cultural or societal expectations
