Unit 3

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleuic acid, double helix structure, contains sugar deoxyribose, located in nucleus, template for synthesis of proteins, stores genetic information

Question 2

RNA

Answer 2

Ribonucleic acid, contains sugar ribose, DNAs helper molecule, single stranded, located everywhere (including nucleus and cytoplasm), transcribes the template, carries DNA message code, helps make protein, has more than one type

Question 3

Nucleotides (nucleobases)

Answer 3

Sugar- ribose or deoxyribose
Phosphate group- acidic
Nitrogen base- A, G, C, T or U

Question 4

Types of RNA

Answer 4

Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA

Question 5

Protein synthesis

Answer 5

2 Stages:
Transcription- rewrites and transcribes it
Translation- genetic code is translated into a new language, protein language

Question 6

Transcription

Answer 6

A process of copying the DNA nucleotide sequence into mRNA (messenger RNA)

Question 7

Translation

Answer 7

A process of translating mRNA strand into a series of amino acids that will join together to form a protein, mRNA is now outside the nucleus and sectioned into codons (triplets), tRNA brings amino acids to the mRNA strand, tRNA has an anticodon that pairs up with the mRNA codon

Question 8

Purines

Answer 8

Nitrogen bases Adenine and Guanine that have 2 rings

Question 9

Pyrimidines

Answer 9

Nitrogen bases thymine and cytosine that have only 1 ring

Question 10

Base Pairing Rules

Answer 10

Adenine always bonds with Thymine (A=T), Guanine always bonds with Cytosine (G=C), connected by hydrogen bonds

Question 11

Phosphodiester bond

Answer 11

Bond between the phosphate group of 1 nucleotide and the sugar of another

Question 12

DNA Nitrogen Bases

Answer 12

Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine and Guanine

Question 13

RNA Nitrogen bases

Answer 13

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil

Question 14

Oswald Avery

Answer 14

Averys team determined genes are composed of DNA

Question 15

Erwin Chargaff

Answer 15

Discovered that DNA has the same amount of adenine as Thymine and the same amount of cytosine as Guanine

Question 16

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

Answer 16

Used X-ray to discover DNA was a double helix (spiral)

Question 17

Watson and Crick

Answer 17

Won Nobel Prize for discovering and creating the structural model of DNA, they credited Wilkins and Franklin, Wilkins also received a nobel prize

Question 18

Gene mutations

Answer 18

Changes made to an organism’s genetic material, change may occur due to error in replication/transcription, radiation, viruses and other things, occur on a small scale (gene) or large scale (chromosome)

Question 19

Silent mutations

Answer 19

Changes that don’t result in a change to the organism

Question 20

Small scale mutations

Answer 20

3 main types that affect 1 nucleotide in a DNA triplet (Point Mutation):

1. Reversal/Substitution
2. Insertion
3. Deletion

Question 21

Point mutations

Answer 21

Small scale mutation that occurs when a single nucleotide in a gene is exchanged for another nucleotide (for ex; A for T or C for G), have an effect on protein synthesis but only one DNA triplet is altered which effects 1/more codons and therefore one/more amino acids

Question 22

Chromosome

Answer 22

Rod shaped, filamentous body in the nucleus, becomes visible during cell division (not visible in active nucleus bc of high water content), carried of genes

Question 23

Number of chromosomes

Answer 23

Humans have 46
Constant for each cell in body (except sex cells have half amount)
Constant through life of an individual (never lose/gain them)
Constant for all species

Question 24

Identify chromosomes

Answer 24

1. Size
2. Shape (position on centromere)
3. Bonding patterns produced by specific stains