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Biology 30 > Unit 1- Life And Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 1- Life And Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Biology

A

Study of all living things including their structure, functioning, evolution, distribution, growth development and interrelationships to the environment and to like/unlike organisms living and extinct

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2
Q

Biology as a science

A
  1. Cells are the basic unit of life
  2. New species and inherited traits are the product of evolution
  3. Genes are the basic unit of heredity
  4. Organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition
  5. Living organisms consume and transform energy
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3
Q

Characteristics of life

A
  1. Acquisition and use of energy (eat and produce food, metabolize, breathe and poop)
  2. Growth and development (use energy and materials from food to grow and repair)
  3. Reproduction (itself or others)
  4. Maintain homeostasis (stable environment)
  5. Responsiveness to environment (adapt)
  6. Cellularity (all living things are made of cell/cells)
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4
Q

Abiogenesis (spontaneous generation)

A

Original evolution of life\living organisms from inorganic\inanimate substances

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5
Q

Biogenesis

A

Production of new living organisms from living things

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6
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

The Endo symbiotic theory is the origin of eucaryotic cells developed by Margulis in 1967

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7
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria and archaeans that reproduce by binary fission (splitting into 2) and have no nucleus

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8
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Animal, plant, Fungal and protist cells that reproduce asexually through mitosis or sexually through meosis, Have a nucleus

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9
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the smallest living things (basic unit of life)
  3. Cells arise from previously existing cells
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10
Q

Darwins principles for his theory of evolution

A
  1. Variation
  2. Heritability
  3. Overproduction
  4. Reproductive Advantage
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11
Q

Variation

A

Individuals in a population differ from one another

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12
Q

Heritability

A

Variations are inherited from parents

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13
Q

Overproduction

A

Populations produce more offspring than can survive

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14
Q

Reproductive advantage

A

Some variations allow the organism that possess them to have more offspring than the organism that doesn’t possess them

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15
Q

Fossils

A

Remains of an organism preserved by natural processes, hard parts (shells,bones) allow palaeontologists to date organism, carbon 14 dating (radioactive dating) gives an absolute age, evolutionists compare fossils to present day species that are similar.

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16
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Structural similarities and differences between living things, similar structures in different organisms point to a similar ancestry, the more similarities the more recent the common ancestor is

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17
Q

Homologous structures

A

Different organisms have similar structures but a different form\function, for example the bird wings and reptile forearm

18
Q

Analogous Structures

A

Different organisms have organs with the same function but different underlying structure (ex: bats and flies both fly but they have different wings)

19
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral form but in modern time have no function and often reduced in size (appendix, coccyx)

20
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Selective breeding of organisms selected for certain traits in order to produce offspring having those traits (crops)

21
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Most common form of natural selection in which organisms with extreme expressions of a trait are removed

22
Q

Directional selection

A

Shift of a population towards an extreme version of a beneficial treat

23
Q

Disruptive selection

A

The process in which individuals with average traits are removed, creating two populations with extreme traits

24
Q

Sexual selection

A

A change in the frequency of a trait based on competition for a mate

25
Q

How does a species evolve?

A 
Natural selection
Mutations
Small sample size
Random mating 
Migration
26
Q

Species

A

Group of organisms that are structurally similar and naturally interbreed to pass similarity onto offspring

27
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of a new species thought to happen through reproductive isolation and adaptive radiation

28
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

What keeps members of 1 population from interbreeding with members of another population

29
Q

Pre-zygotic barriers

A

Barriers prevent mating between 2 organisms of different species;
Geological, Ecological, Temporal, Behavioural and mechanical isolation

30
Q

Post-zygotic barriers

A

Barriers that prevent formation of viable fertile offspring after mating; Gamatic incompatibility, Hybrid Inviability and Hybrid Infertility

31
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Species spreading out into different environments

32
Q

Gradualism

A

New species arises through gradual accumulation of small variations, evolution proceeds slowly and smoothly over years

33
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

Most species exhibit little net change in their geographical history, species splits into 2 distinct species rather than gradual transformation

34
Q

LUCA

A

Last universal common ancestor

35
Q

Micro evolution

A

Evolution of species as environment changes, ex: all dogs belong to the same species

36
Q

Macro evolution

A

Formation of a new species, ex: Darwin’s finches

37
Q

Natural Selection

A

Process where organisms better adapt to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring; survival of the fittest

38
Q

Coevolution

A

Close relationships between two species that is so close, the evolution of one species affects the evolution of other species

39
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Aka adaptive radiation, can occur in a relatively short time when one species gives rise to many species in response to the creation of a new habitat or another ecological opportunity

40
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Unrelated species evolve similar traits even though they live in different parts of the world

Biology 30 (3 decks)

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