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Biology 30 > Unit 2- Organization Of Life > Flashcards

Unit 2- Organization Of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

Present in all living things except bacteria, many membrane bound organelles and has a nucleus

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2
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Make up bacteria, no membrane bound organelles and no nucleus

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3
Q

Levels of Classification

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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4
Q

Passive transport

A

No cellular energy required

Examples: osmosis and diffusion

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5
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules move from area of high concentration to area of low concentration, once molecules are evenly distributed , no further diffusion is required

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6
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Difference in concentration between a region of high and low concentration

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7
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Requires a concentration gradient, transports proteins in the cell membrane aid substances to diffuse more quickly than normal

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8
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water, also depends on concentration gradients, water moves towards a higher concentration of solute (wants to dilute a substance)

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9
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of materials against a concentration gradient that requires cellular energy, moves from low to high concentration

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10
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

Same concentration so no need to dilute, no net movement, whatever goes into cell, comes back out

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11
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

More water is going into the cell than out, higher water concentration outside the cell, can cause an animal cell to sweep and burst and a plant cell to be healthier; full of water(turgid)

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12
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

Solution contains a higher concentration of dissolved substances than the cell placed in it, lower water concentration outside the cell, net movement of water out of cell, causes animal cells to shrivel and shrink

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13
Q

Endocytosis

A

Materials become enclosed in an impocketing of the cell membrane, forms vacuoles, cellular ingestion

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14
Q

Exocytosis

A

A vesicle/vacuole carrying materials and fuses with cell membrane and ejects contents outside the cell

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15
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Type of endocytosis, ingulfs large materials usually solids by bacteria/phagocytes

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16
Q

Pincytosis

A

Particles brought into the cells by sipping usually liquids/small

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17
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate- energy carrier molecule that supplies energy for cellular activities

18
Q

How does ATP supply energy?

A

Energy (ATP) is created through photosynthesis/eating food and is stored in chemical bonds (glucose), when a bond is broken, ATP is released (cellular respiration) then forms ADP or AMP

19
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electron (ATP to ADP)

  • breaking down of a compound
  • LEO the lion goes GER*
20
Q

Reduction

A

Gaining of electron (ADP to ATP)

  • forming a compound
  • LEO the lion goes GER*
21
Q

Photosynthesis Equation

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight = C6H12O6 + 6 O2

22
Q

Light Reactions

A

Light dependent, depends on light and pigment occurs in thylakoids of chloroplasts, is etc of photo system I and II

23
Q

Light Reactions Equation

A

Light + Water = O2 + ATP + NADPH

24
Q

Dark Reactions

A

Calvin Cycle (Independent light Reactions) occur all the time (light or dark) use products from light Reactions as fuel, main goal- convert CO2 to glucose occurs in Stroma of Chloroplasts

25
Q

Dark Reactions equation

A

CO2 + NADPH + ATP = glucose

26
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

To obtain energy to move and grow, organisms must break down their food, accomplished by breaking down glucose into CO2 in a series of chemical reactions, location in mitochondria

27
Q

4 steps of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Kerbs Cycle Prep
  3. Kerbs Cycle
  4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
28
Q

Cell theory

A

All organisms are made up of 1/more cells
All cells carry on life activities
New cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division

29
Q

Glycolysis

A

Occurs in cytoplasm, takes Glucose created from photosynthesis and 2 ATP and creates through chemical reactions 2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvates

30
Q

Kerb’s Cycle prep

A

Occurs in matrix of mitochondria, takes 2 pyruvates and CoA which goes through chemical reactions to create 2 CO2, 2 NADH and 2 Acetyl CoA

31
Q

Kerbs Cycle

A

2 Acetyl CoA and convert them into 4 CO2, 2 FADH2, 6 NADH and 2 ATP

32
Q

ETC

A

Take 10 NADH produced in total and 2 FADH2 and 6 CO2 occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane and produces 6 H2O and 32 ATP

33
Q

Cellular Respiration equation

A

Glucose + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

34
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

Exercising at a slow enough pace that your body can supply O2 to your muscles (cellular respiration) 36 ATP are produced

35
Q

Anaerobic exercise

A

Prolonged/strenuous activity the cells can’t get enough sufficient O2 to muscles, only glycolysis can occur, cause build up of lactic acid, after muscles rest, lactic acid converts to pyruvic acid and aerobic respiration continues

36
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Pyruvic acid is changed into lactic acid/lactate by animals, humans and bacteria when the body can’t supply enough oxygen to muscles, same bacteria that make cheese and yogurt

37
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Pyruvic acid is changed into ethyl alcohol by yeast and bacteria

38
Q

Advantages of linnean systems

A
  1. Makes the study of organisms easier and more convenient
  2. Helps in specific identification of any organism
  3. Reveals relationships among various groups of organisms
  4. Indicates evolutionary relationships by establishing gradual increased complexity of form and structure of different organism
39
Q

Species

A

Smallest group and organism can be in, animals on the same species are the most similiar to each other and can reproduce to make fertile/viable offspring

40
Q

Plant cells vs animal cells

A
  1. Animal- cell membrane, plant- cell wall
  2. Animal- 1 Golgi body, plant- several 100 Golgi bodies
  3. Animal- no plastics, plant- has plastids (chloroplast, chromoplasts)

Biology 30 (3 decks)

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