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Biology 2 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of fossilization; how are they formed and how are they preserved in geologic record

A

Taphonomy

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2
Q

Begining with the most recent and going back list the Eras we are responsibile for knowing

A
  • Cenozoic
  • Mesozoic
  • Palaeozoic
  • Precambrian
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3
Q

List the periods that took place during the Palaeozoic Era

(Starting with the most recent)

A
  • Permian
  • Carboniferous
  • Devonian
  • Silurian
  • Ordovician
  • Cambrian
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4
Q

List the periods that took place during the Mesozoic Era

(Starting with the most recent)

A
  • Cretaceous
  • Jurassic
  • Triassic
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5
Q

List the periods that took place during the Cenozoic Era

(Starting with the most recent)

A
  • Quaternary
  • Tertiary
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6
Q

How long ago was the extinction event that marked the end of the Precambrian Era and the beggining of the Palaeozoic Era

A

590 million years ago

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7
Q

How long ago was the extinction event that marked the end of the Palaeozoic Era and the beggining of the Mesozoic Era

A

250 million years ago

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8
Q

How long ago was the extinction event that marked the end of the Mesozoic Era and the beggining of the Cenozoic Era

A

65 million years ago

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9
Q

The extinction event that is happening now marks the end of what Era

A

Cenozoic Era

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10
Q

List some examples of Catastrophism

A
  • Vulcanism
  • Earthquakes
  • Tsunamis
  • Floods
  • Climate Change (rapid)
  • Extraterrestrial Impacts
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11
Q

List some examples of Uniformitarianism

A
  • Sedimentation
  • Erosion / Weathering
  • Subsidence
  • Uplift
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12
Q

Any evidence of past life

A

fossil

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13
Q

A piece of the organism or whole organism

A

Direct fossil

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14
Q

Some indication of the organism but no organism present

A

Indirect fossil

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15
Q

can be seen with the naked eye; large/showy

A

Macrofossil

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16
Q

Can only be seen with a microscope; very small

A

microfossil

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17
Q

This mode of preservation occurs when a specimen is compressed or flattened by the weight of sediments in water and there is organic material present

A

Compaction

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18
Q

This mode of preservation occurs when a specimen is compressed or flattened by the weight of sediments in water and there is no organic material present

A

Impression

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19
Q

This mode of preservation happens when compounds from water seep into tissue and form precipitates that become rock that fills in spaces to support tissue

A

Permineralization/Petrification

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20
Q

This mode of preservation occurs when electrically charged sediments are drawn to the surface and lithify. Internal mater is completely replaced.

A

Mold: the outline of the specimen

Cast: like a “copy” of the specimen that can be made from a mold

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21
Q

Durible hard parts are preserved more or less unchanged

A

Duripartic

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22
Q

Organisms that get caught in plant resin and becomes hard (Amber)

A

Encasement

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23
Q

Drying out of organisms in high or low temperatures with no moisture

A

Dessication

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24
Q

In most cases formation of a fossil requires

A
  1. Decay must be inhibited (by low temperature, low humidity, low oxygen, or acid pH)
  2. Plant and animal parts must remain undisturbed (once formed fossils can also be destroyed through erosion/weathering, chemical dissolution and fragmentation/disarticulation as well as a combination of heat and pressure)
  3. A source of sediments (Most fossils are produced in sediments that become rock; lithification)
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25
Q

What important event happend 4.5 bya

A

Earth formation

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26
Q

What important event happend 3.8 bya

A

First prokaryotic cells

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27
Q

What important event happend 2.2 bya

A

Oxygen revolution/catastrophe

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28
Q

What important event happened 1.5 bya

A

First Eukaryotic cells

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29
Q

What important event happened 1.2 bya

A

Multicellularity (very tight integration of cells into a symplasm)

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30
Q

What important event happened 750 mya

A

“Snowball Earth” global glaciation

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31
Q

What important event happend 550 mya

A

Cambrian explosion

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32
Q

What important event happened 450 mya

A

First land plants

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33
Q

What important event happend 250 mya

A

Permian extinction; Pangaea breaks apart

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34
Q

What are the 5 desirable features of a classification

A

A. simplicity (accessibility/retrieveability)

B. practicality/utility (ease of use)

C. stability

D. flexibility/adaptability

E. general applicability and consensus

(agreement among practitioners)

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35
Q

What are the two components of Systematics

A
  1. Taxonomy (classification)
  2. Nomenclature (naming of Taxa)
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36
Q

Simple description of diversity or variability among a group of organisms

A

Alpha Taxonomy

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37
Q

Concerned with the genetics, population biology and ecological relationships of organisms

A

Beta Taxonomy

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38
Q

What groups make up the Linnaean Hierarchy

A

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

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39
Q

What are the three components of a Scientific name

A
  1. Genus Name
  2. Specific Epithet
  3. Authority (the individual who described/established the taxon)
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40
Q

Type of classification where one or a few characters

are used to divide organisms into progressively smaller

groupings.

A

Artificial (analytic or divisive)

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41
Q

Type of classification where many characters

are used to construct more and more inclusive groupings

A

“natural” (synthetic or agglomerative)

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42
Q

Type of classification which attempts to reconstruct

evolutionary relationships.

A

phylogenetic (historical)

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43
Q

English naturalist and theologian; used many features in his classification of plants (synthetic); incorporated aspects of plant physiology and morphology into his classification.

A

John Ray (1627-1705)

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44
Q

French botanist; stressed the use of flower and fruit characters in classification and established guidelines for defining genera.

A

Joseph Tournefort (1656-1708)

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45
Q

Swedish botanist; provided more detailed descriptions of genera than did Tournefort but also emphasized reproductive features (flower and fruit) in classification; consistent application of binomial, as opposed to polynomial, nomenclature.

A

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

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46
Q

All offspring are genetically identical to each other and to the “parent” from which they are derived; typically a very rapid form of reproduction that occurs under favorable growth conditions and maximizes the spread or dispersal of a species; is synonymous with clonal propagation.

A

Asexual reproduction

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47
Q

All offspring are genetically different from each other and from their parents; requires an exchange of germplasm between two genetically compatible individuals and involves a change in ploidy; a process defined by two events: meiosis and syngamy (fertilization).

A

Sexual reproduction

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48
Q

Any cell(s) that can give rise to a new individual directly; it never has to fuse with another cell for a new individual to result.

A

spore

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49
Q

These spores are the result of a mitotic division and may be either haploid (1N) or diploid (2N)

A

asexual spores (mitospores)

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50
Q

these spores are the result of a meiotic division

and are haploid (1N)

A

sexual spores (meiospores)

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51
Q

Any cell that must first fuse with another cell before a new individual can develop; only found in sexual reproduction (haploid-1N); examples include eggs and sperm.

A

Gametes

52
Q

A type of cell division that produces recombinant gametes and, therefore, recombinant progeny

A

Meiosis

53
Q

What two mechanisms in meiosis are responsible for recombination

A
  • Independent assortment of chromosomes in metaphase I
  • Crossing-over between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes in prophase I
54
Q

The fusion of gametes

A

Syngamy

55
Q

What are the two stages of syngamy

A
  1. Plasmogamy
  2. Karyogamy
56
Q

Fusion of the cytoplasms of two cells

A

Plasmogamy

57
Q

Fusion of two haploid (1N) nuclei to form a diploid

(2N) nucleus.

A

Karyogamy

58
Q

Aform of anisogamy in which the female gamete (e.g. egg cell) is significantly larger than the male gamete and is non-motile.

A

Oogamy

59
Q

Refers to a form of sexual reproduction involving the union or fusion of two dissimilar gametes (differing in size and/or form). The smaller gamete is considered to be male (sperm cell), whereas the larger gamete is regarded as female (egg cell).

A

Anisogamy

60
Q

A form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of similar morphology (similar shape and size), differing in allele expression in one or more mating-type regions. Because both gametes look alike, they cannot be classified as “male” or “female.”

A

isogamy

61
Q

List the three gamete morphologies from ancestral to most derived

A

Isogamy—> Anisogamy—> Oogamy

62
Q
  • only a single multicellular phase, which is haploid (1N)
  • the only diploid (2N) cell in the life cycle is the zygote
  • gametes are produced by mitosis
  • zygotic meiosis results in the production of spores
A

Haplontic Life Cycle

63
Q

The process, generally cementation and/or compaction, of converting sediments to solid rock.

A

Lithification

64
Q

Layers of rock

A

Strata

65
Q

the study of fossils

A

Paleontology

66
Q

a process in which minerals replace an organism’s tissues.

A

Petrification

67
Q

A technique used to determine which of two fossils is older

A

relative dating

68
Q

a technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil

A

absolute dating

69
Q

the period of time in which half of a radioactive substance decays

A

half life

70
Q

Which has a finer grain size

Clay or silt

A

Clay

71
Q

Which has a finer grain size

sand or silt

A

silt

72
Q

Which has a finer grain size

cobble or gravel

A

gravel

73
Q

Put these sediments in order of course grain to fine grain

Sand

Cobble

Stones

Clay

Silt

Gravel

A

Stones

Cobble

Gravel

Sand

Silt

Clay

74
Q

What type of rock is composed of clay

A

Shale

75
Q

What type of rock is formed from silt

A

Siltstone

76
Q

What type of rock is formed from sand

A

Sandstone

77
Q

What is the chemical composition of Limestone

A

It is composed of calcium carbonatec (CaCO3)

78
Q

What is the chemical composition of dolomite

A

It is composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2

79
Q

This sedimentary rock is composed of the microscopic shells of diatoms.

A

Diatomite (Diatomaceous Earth)

80
Q

What is Steno’s principle of superposition

A

New sediments are deposited on top of preiously deposited sediments.

81
Q

What is Steno’s principle of (original) horizontinality

A

sediments are deposited horizonatally

82
Q

What is Steno’s principle of lateral continuity

A

even if a valley has formed, layers on the same horizontal plane are assumed to be the same sediment

83
Q

What is Steno’s principle of cross-cutting relationships

A

Any feature that cuts through sedimentary rock is younger than the rock itself

84
Q

What are the seven desirable characteristics of any classification scheme

A
  1. Simplicity
  2. Accessibility
  3. Utility/practicality
  4. Stability
  5. Flexibility
  6. Uniformity or Consistency
  7. Consensus or agreement among practitioners
85
Q

This code regulates the application of scientific names in animales

A

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

86
Q

What are the basic priniciples of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

A
  • Zoological nomenclature is independent of botanical and bacteriological nomenclature
  • Type concept: application of names of taxonomic groups is determined by means of nomenclatural types
  • Nomenclature is based on priority of publication
  • Each taxonomic group can only have one correct name
  • Scientific names have a Latin diagnosis
  • Rules of nomenclature are retroactive
87
Q

Subphylum is an example of ____________

A

Infraspecific rank

88
Q

Why are natural history collections important

A

They can give insight into information about organisms and environments and how they change over time

89
Q

Compare/Contrast between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell size

A

Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller (2 to 8 µm) and Eurkaryotic cells are generally larger (10 to 100 µm)

90
Q

Compare/Contrast between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell organization of genetic material

A

Prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome and Eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes

91
Q

Compare/Contrast between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell division

A

Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission and Eukaryotic cells divide by either mitosis or meiosis

92
Q

Compare/Contrast between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell compartmentalization

A

Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organells and Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles present

93
Q

Compare/Contrast between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell structure and movement of flagellae

A

Prokaryotes: Flagella (when present) are composed of flagellin protein arranged in a helical pattern

Eukaryotes: Flagella (when present) are composed of microtubules (tubulin protein) in a 9+2 arrangement inside of a cell membrane

94
Q

Compare/Contrast between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell cytoskeletons

A

Prokaryotic cells have a rudimentary cytoskeleton and Eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton composed of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

95
Q

Compare/Contrast between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell walls

A

Prokaryotic cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan and Eukaryotic cell walls (when present) are composed of cellulose, chitin or siliceous

96
Q

Proteinaceous structures that allow cells to transfer genetic material from one cell (donor) to another (recipient) cell.

A

Pili

97
Q

Proteinaceous structures that allow cells to move.

A

Flagellae

98
Q

Proteinaceous structures that allow cells to adhere to surfaces.

A

Fimbriae

99
Q

Energy source: organic molecules

Carbon source: organic carbon

A

Chemoheterotrophs

100
Q

Energy source: light

Carbon source: organic carbon

A

Photoheterotroph

101
Q

Energy source: light

Carbon source: inorganic carbon

A

Photoautotroph

102
Q

Energy source: organic molecules

Carbon source: inorganic carbon

A

Chemoautotrophs

103
Q

What type of protein is found in prokaryotic flagellae

A

flagellin protein

104
Q

What type of protein is found in eukaryotic flagellae

A

Tubulin protein

105
Q

Compare/Contrast eukaryotic cilia and flagella

A

Cilia are smaller and occur in greater numbers on the cell surface. Their beating pattern is similar to the movement of oars with alternating power and recovery strokes.

Flagella are longer and are usually limited to one or few per cell. Their beating pattern is an undulating motion similar to the tail of a fish.

106
Q

Proteins that form a channel/pore, across a membrane, where molecules can pass through

A

Porin proteins

107
Q

Polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides that make up the cell wall of prokaryotes

A

Peptidoglycan

108
Q

What are two functions of glycocalyx

A
  1. Protection
  2. Adherance
109
Q

“sugar coating” that makes up the outer surface of a bacterial cell and functions in protection and adherance

A

glycocalyx

110
Q

Label the cell wall types

A
111
Q

Cell wall that has a single membrane and a thick layer of peptidoglycan

A

Gram-Positive

112
Q

Cell wall that has two membranes and a thin layer of peptidoglycan

A

Gram-negative

113
Q

Identify this ultra structure and explain why you identified it as such

A

It is a cross section of a cilia or flagella and can be identified by its 9+2 arrangement of microtubules

114
Q

Name this lifecycle

A
115
Q

Name this lifecycle

A
116
Q

Briefly explain a haplontic lifecycle

A

A multicellular individual that is haploid (1N) undergoes mitosis to produce gametes that are (1N). When male and female gametes fuse together through a process called syngamy they produce a zygote that is diploid (2N). This zygote will then undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores (1N) which will produce new haploid individuals (1N)

117
Q

Briefly describe a diplontic life cycle

A

A multicellular individual that is diploid (2N) will undergo meiosis to produce gametes (1N). When a male and a female gamete fuse through a process called syngamy they produce a zygote (2N) which will develope into a new multicellular individual (2N)

118
Q

Name this lifecycle

A

Haplodiplontic

119
Q

Briefly describe a Haplodiplontic life cycle

A

A gametophyte (1N) has gametangia that goes through mitosis to produce gametes (1N). A male gamete is produced by a gametangium called antheridium and a female gamete is produced by a gametangium called archegonium. When a male and female gamete fuse through a process called syngamy they produce a diploid zygote (2N). This zygote with germinate to produce a sporophyte (2N). The sporangium that are located on the sporophyte will undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores (1N). These spores will then germinate into a new gametophyte (1N)

120
Q

describe the phospholid bilayer of a cell membrane

A

A phospholipid is composed of a tail that is hydrophobic and a hydrophilic head. These phospholipids assemble into a bilayer that shields the hydrophobic tails from water.

121
Q

These proteins penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer

A

Integral proteins

122
Q

These proteins are not embedded in the lipid bilayer. Instead they are appendages that are loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and expose parts of integral proteins

A

Peripheral proteins

123
Q

Metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species often occurs in surface-coating colonies known as ________

A

Biofilms

124
Q

Resistant cells produced by bacteria that can withstand harsh conditions

A

endospore

125
Q

Describe the formation and function of an endospore

A

The original cell produces a copy of its chromosome and surrounds that copy with a tough multilayered structure, forming an endospore. Water is removed from the endospore and its metabolism halts. The original cell lyses to release the endospore. These endospores are made to survive harsh conditions and when the environment improves they will rehydrate and resume metabolism.

126
Q

differentiate between cytosol and cytoplasm

A

Cytosol is a semifluid, jellylike substance found in all cells in which subcellular components are suspended

Cytoplasm is the interior of the cell; in eurkaryotes it is the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.

127
Q

a relitively inert body in the cytoplasm such as storage granules, glycogen, fat or some other aggregated metobolic product

A

Inclusion body

Biology 2 (6 decks)

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