Unit 3 Flashcards
1
Q
The study of fossilization; how are they formed and how are they preserved in geologic record
A
Taphonomy
2
Q
Begining with the most recent and going back list the Eras we are responsibile for knowing
A
- Cenozoic
- Mesozoic
- Palaeozoic
- Precambrian
3
Q
List the periods that took place during the Palaeozoic Era
(Starting with the most recent)
A
- Permian
- Carboniferous
- Devonian
- Silurian
- Ordovician
- Cambrian
4
Q
List the periods that took place during the Mesozoic Era
(Starting with the most recent)
A
- Cretaceous
- Jurassic
- Triassic
5
Q
List the periods that took place during the Cenozoic Era
(Starting with the most recent)
A
- Quaternary
- Tertiary
6
Q
How long ago was the extinction event that marked the end of the Precambrian Era and the beggining of the Palaeozoic Era
A
590 million years ago
7
Q
How long ago was the extinction event that marked the end of the Palaeozoic Era and the beggining of the Mesozoic Era
A
250 million years ago
8
Q
How long ago was the extinction event that marked the end of the Mesozoic Era and the beggining of the Cenozoic Era
A
65 million years ago
9
Q
The extinction event that is happening now marks the end of what Era
A
Cenozoic Era
10
Q
List some examples of Catastrophism
A
- Vulcanism
- Earthquakes
- Tsunamis
- Floods
- Climate Change (rapid)
- Extraterrestrial Impacts
11
Q
List some examples of Uniformitarianism
A
- Sedimentation
- Erosion / Weathering
- Subsidence
- Uplift
12
Q
Any evidence of past life
A
fossil
13
Q
A piece of the organism or whole organism
A
Direct fossil
14
Q
Some indication of the organism but no organism present
A
Indirect fossil
15
Q
can be seen with the naked eye; large/showy
A
Macrofossil
16
Q
Can only be seen with a microscope; very small
A
microfossil
17
Q
This mode of preservation occurs when a specimen is compressed or flattened by the weight of sediments in water and there is organic material present
A
Compaction
18
Q
This mode of preservation occurs when a specimen is compressed or flattened by the weight of sediments in water and there is no organic material present
A
Impression
19
Q
This mode of preservation happens when compounds from water seep into tissue and form precipitates that become rock that fills in spaces to support tissue
A
Permineralization/Petrification
20
Q
This mode of preservation occurs when electrically charged sediments are drawn to the surface and lithify. Internal mater is completely replaced.
A
Mold: the outline of the specimen
Cast: like a “copy” of the specimen that can be made from a mold
21
Q
Durible hard parts are preserved more or less unchanged
A
Duripartic
22
Q
Organisms that get caught in plant resin and becomes hard (Amber)
A
Encasement
23
Q
Drying out of organisms in high or low temperatures with no moisture
A
Dessication
24
Q
In most cases formation of a fossil requires
A
- Decay must be inhibited (by low temperature, low humidity, low oxygen, or acid pH)
- Plant and animal parts must remain undisturbed (once formed fossils can also be destroyed through erosion/weathering, chemical dissolution and fragmentation/disarticulation as well as a combination of heat and pressure)
- A source of sediments (Most fossils are produced in sediments that become rock; lithification)
25
What important event happend 4.5 bya
Earth formation
26
What important event happend 3.8 bya
First prokaryotic cells
27
What important event happend 2.2 bya
Oxygen revolution/catastrophe
28
What important event happened 1.5 bya
First Eukaryotic cells
29
What important event happened 1.2 bya
Multicellularity (very tight integration of cells into a symplasm)
30
What important event happened 750 mya
"Snowball Earth" global glaciation
31
What important event happend 550 mya
Cambrian explosion
32
What important event happened 450 mya
First land plants
33
What important event happend 250 mya
Permian extinction; Pangaea breaks apart
34
What are the 5 desirable features of a classification
A. simplicity (accessibility/retrieveability)
B. practicality/utility (ease of use)
C. stability
D. flexibility/adaptability
E. general applicability and consensus
(agreement among practitioners)
35
What are the two components of Systematics
1. Taxonomy (classification)
2. Nomenclature (naming of Taxa)
36
Simple description of diversity or variability among a group of organisms
Alpha Taxonomy
37
Concerned with the genetics, population biology and ecological relationships of organisms
Beta Taxonomy
38
What groups make up the Linnaean Hierarchy
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
39
What are the three components of a Scientific name
1. Genus Name
2. Specific Epithet
3. Authority (the individual who described/established the taxon)
40
Type of classification where one or a few characters
are used to divide organisms into progressively smaller
groupings.
Artificial (analytic or divisive)
41
Type of classification where many characters
are used to construct more and more inclusive groupings
"natural" (synthetic or agglomerative)
42
Type of classification which attempts to reconstruct
evolutionary relationships.
phylogenetic (historical)
43
English naturalist and theologian; used many features in his classification of plants (synthetic); incorporated aspects of plant physiology and morphology into his classification.
John Ray (1627-1705)
44
French botanist; stressed the use of flower and fruit characters in classification and established guidelines for defining genera.
Joseph Tournefort (1656-1708)
45
Swedish botanist; provided more detailed descriptions of genera than did Tournefort but also emphasized reproductive features (flower and fruit) in classification; consistent application of binomial, as opposed to polynomial, nomenclature.
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
46
All offspring are genetically identical to each other and to the “parent” from which they are derived; typically a very rapid form of reproduction that occurs under favorable growth conditions and maximizes the spread or dispersal of a species; is synonymous with clonal propagation.
Asexual reproduction
47
All offspring are genetically different from each other and from their parents; requires an exchange of germplasm between two genetically compatible individuals and involves a change in ploidy; a process defined by two events: meiosis and syngamy (fertilization).
Sexual reproduction
48
Any cell(s) that can give rise to a new individual directly; it never has to fuse with another cell for a new individual to result.
spore
49
These spores are the result of a mitotic division and may be either haploid (1N) or diploid (2N)
asexual spores (mitospores)
50
these spores are the result of a meiotic division
and are haploid (1N)
sexual spores (meiospores)
51
Any cell that must first fuse with another cell before a new individual can develop; only found in sexual reproduction (haploid-1N); examples include eggs and sperm.
Gametes
52
A type of cell division that produces recombinant gametes and, therefore, recombinant progeny
Meiosis
53
What two mechanisms in meiosis are responsible for recombination
* Independent assortment of chromosomes in metaphase I
* Crossing-over between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes in prophase I
54
The fusion of gametes
Syngamy
55
What are the two stages of syngamy
1. Plasmogamy
2. Karyogamy
56
Fusion of the cytoplasms of two cells
Plasmogamy
57
Fusion of two haploid (1N) nuclei to form a diploid
(2N) nucleus.
Karyogamy
58
Aform of anisogamy in which the female gamete (e.g. egg cell) is significantly larger than the male gamete and is non-motile.
Oogamy
59
Refers to a form of sexual reproduction involving the union or fusion of two dissimilar gametes (differing in size and/or form). The smaller gamete is considered to be male (sperm cell), whereas the larger gamete is regarded as female (egg cell).
Anisogamy
60
A form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of similar morphology (similar shape and size), differing in allele expression in one or more mating-type regions. Because both gametes look alike, they cannot be classified as "male" or "female."
isogamy
61
List the three gamete morphologies from ancestral to most derived
Isogamy---\> Anisogamy---\> Oogamy
62
* only a single multicellular phase, which is haploid (1N)
* the only diploid (2N) cell in the life cycle is the zygote
* gametes are produced by mitosis
* zygotic meiosis results in the production of spores
Haplontic Life Cycle
63
The process, generally cementation and/or compaction, of converting sediments to solid rock.
Lithification
64
Layers of rock
Strata
65
the study of fossils
Paleontology
66
a process in which minerals replace an organism's tissues.
Petrification
67
A technique used to determine which of two fossils is older
relative dating
68
a technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil
absolute dating
69
the period of time in which half of a radioactive substance decays
half life
70
Which has a finer grain size
Clay or silt
Clay
71
Which has a finer grain size
sand or silt
silt
72
Which has a finer grain size
cobble or gravel
gravel
73
Put these sediments in order of course grain to fine grain
Sand
Cobble
Stones
Clay
Silt
Gravel
Stones
Cobble
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
74
What type of rock is composed of clay
Shale
75
What type of rock is formed from silt
Siltstone
76
What type of rock is formed from sand
Sandstone
77
What is the chemical composition of Limestone
It is composed of calcium carbonatec (CaCO3)
78
What is the chemical composition of dolomite
It is composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2
79
This sedimentary rock is composed of the microscopic shells of diatoms.
Diatomite (Diatomaceous Earth)
80
What is Steno's principle of superposition
New sediments are deposited on top of preiously deposited sediments.
81
What is Steno's principle of (original) horizontinality
sediments are deposited horizonatally
82
What is Steno's principle of lateral continuity
even if a valley has formed, layers on the same horizontal plane are assumed to be the same sediment
83
What is Steno's principle of cross-cutting relationships
Any feature that cuts through sedimentary rock is younger than the rock itself
84
What are the seven desirable characteristics of any classification scheme
1. Simplicity
2. Accessibility
3. Utility/practicality
4. Stability
5. Flexibility
6. Uniformity or Consistency
7. Consensus or agreement among practitioners
85
This code regulates the application of scientific names in animales
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
86
What are the basic priniciples of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
* Zoological nomenclature is independent of botanical and bacteriological nomenclature
* Type concept: application of names of taxonomic groups is determined by means of nomenclatural types
* Nomenclature is based on priority of publication
* Each taxonomic group can only have one correct name
* Scientific names have a Latin diagnosis
* Rules of nomenclature are retroactive
87
Subphylum is an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Infraspecific rank
88
Why are natural history collections important
They can give insight into information about organisms and environments and how they change over time
89
Compare/Contrast between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell size
Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller (2 to 8 µm) and Eurkaryotic cells are generally larger (10 to 100 µm)
90
Compare/Contrast between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell organization of genetic material
Prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome and Eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes
91
Compare/Contrast between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell division
Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission and Eukaryotic cells divide by either mitosis or meiosis
92
Compare/Contrast between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell compartmentalization
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organells and Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles present
93
Compare/Contrast between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell structure and movement of flagellae
**Prokaryotes:** Flagella (when present) are composed of flagellin protein arranged in a helical pattern
**Eukaryotes:** Flagella (when present) are composed of microtubules (tubulin protein) in a 9+2 arrangement inside of a cell membrane
94
Compare/Contrast between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell cytoskeletons
Prokaryotic cells have a rudimentary cytoskeleton and Eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton composed of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
95
Compare/Contrast between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell walls
Prokaryotic cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan and Eukaryotic cell walls (when present) are composed of cellulose, chitin or siliceous
96
Proteinaceous structures that allow cells to transfer genetic material from one cell (donor) to another (recipient) cell.
Pili
97
Proteinaceous structures that allow cells to move.
Flagellae
98
Proteinaceous structures that allow cells to adhere to surfaces.
Fimbriae
99
Energy source: organic molecules
Carbon source: organic carbon
Chemoheterotrophs
100
Energy source: light
Carbon source: organic carbon
Photoheterotroph
101
Energy source: light
Carbon source: inorganic carbon
Photoautotroph
102
Energy source: organic molecules
Carbon source: inorganic carbon
Chemoautotrophs
103
What type of protein is found in prokaryotic flagellae
flagellin protein
104
What type of protein is found in eukaryotic flagellae
Tubulin protein
105
Compare/Contrast eukaryotic cilia and flagella
**Cilia** are smaller and occur in greater numbers on the cell surface. Their beating pattern is similar to the movement of oars with alternating power and recovery strokes.
**Flagella** are longer and are usually limited to one or few per cell. Their beating pattern is an undulating motion similar to the tail of a fish.
106
Proteins that form a channel/pore, across a membrane, where molecules can pass through
Porin proteins
107
Polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides that make up the cell wall of prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan
108
What are two functions of glycocalyx
1. Protection
2. Adherance
109
"sugar coating" that makes up the outer surface of a bacterial cell and functions in protection and adherance
glycocalyx
110
Label the cell wall types
111
Cell wall that has a single membrane and a thick layer of peptidoglycan
Gram-Positive
112
Cell wall that has two membranes and a thin layer of peptidoglycan
Gram-negative
113
Identify this ultra structure and explain why you identified it as such
It is a cross section of a cilia or flagella and can be identified by its 9+2 arrangement of microtubules
114
Name this lifecycle
115
Name this lifecycle
116
Briefly explain a haplontic lifecycle
A multicellular individual that is haploid (1N) undergoes mitosis to produce gametes that are (1N). When male and female gametes fuse together through a process called syngamy they produce a zygote that is diploid (2N). This zygote will then undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores (1N) which will produce new haploid individuals (1N)
117
Briefly describe a diplontic life cycle
A multicellular individual that is diploid (2N) will undergo meiosis to produce gametes (1N). When a male and a female gamete fuse through a process called syngamy they produce a zygote (2N) which will develope into a new multicellular individual (2N)
118
Name this lifecycle
Haplodiplontic
119
Briefly describe a Haplodiplontic life cycle
A gametophyte (1N) has gametangia that goes through mitosis to produce gametes (1N). A male gamete is produced by a gametangium called antheridium and a female gamete is produced by a gametangium called archegonium. When a male and female gamete fuse through a process called syngamy they produce a diploid zygote (2N). This zygote with germinate to produce a sporophyte (2N). The sporangium that are located on the sporophyte will undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores (1N). These spores will then germinate into a new gametophyte (1N)
120
describe the phospholid bilayer of a cell membrane
A phospholipid is composed of a tail that is hydrophobic and a hydrophilic head. These phospholipids assemble into a bilayer that shields the hydrophobic tails from water.
121
These proteins penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer
Integral proteins
122
These proteins are not embedded in the lipid bilayer. Instead they are appendages that are loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and expose parts of integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
123
Metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species often occurs in surface-coating colonies known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Biofilms
124
Resistant cells produced by bacteria that can withstand harsh conditions
endospore
125
Describe the formation and function of an endospore
The original cell produces a copy of its chromosome and surrounds that copy with a tough multilayered structure, forming an endospore. Water is removed from the endospore and its metabolism halts. The original cell lyses to release the endospore. These endospores are made to survive harsh conditions and when the environment improves they will rehydrate and resume metabolism.
126
differentiate between cytosol and cytoplasm
**Cytosol** is a semifluid, jellylike substance found in all cells in which subcellular components are suspended
**Cytoplasm** is the interior of the cell; in eurkaryotes it is the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
127
a relitively inert body in the cytoplasm such as storage granules, glycogen, fat or some other aggregated metobolic product
Inclusion body
