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Biology 2 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Compare r-selection to k-selection

A

r-selection

  • Characterized by unstable habitat
  • smaller body sizes
  • shorter lifespans
  • early age of first reproduction
  • number of reproductive episodes are once or few (semelparity)
  • large clutch size
  • little parental care
  • mortality high initially

k-selection

  • More stable habitats; fewer extremes that occur less often
  • larger body sizes
  • longer life span
  • later age of first reproduction
  • many reproductive episodes (iteroperity)
  • much smaller clutch sizes
  • condiderable parental care
  • mortality low initially
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2
Q

List the characteristics of a population

A
  1. Possess a spatial boundary (range)
  2. Exhibit a distribution (biogeography)
  3. Possess a temporal boundary
  4. Dispersion patterns
  5. Exhibit a charaxcteristic life history pattern
  6. Possess a definate population size (N) which fluctuates from season to season
  7. Possess a genetic structure
  8. ecological niche
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3
Q

List and describe the differnet distributions (biogeographies)

A
  • Cosmopolitan - found all over the world
  • Circumpolar - found near the poles
  • Native species - found in a geographic area and is well established.
  • Endemic - found only in one spot in the world
  • Disjunct - main population found ina specific area but also isolated populations found way out of the main population
  • Non-native species - species that have been removed from their environment and transfered to some place else. These species can become invasive.
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4
Q

list the 3 types of dispersion patterns

A
  1. Uniform - territoriality
  2. Random - Solitary species/ environmental hetergeneity
  3. Clumped - Sociality / environmental hetergeneity
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5
Q

Life history patterns consist of what 5 characteristics

A
  1. life span
  2. mating systems
  3. growth rates
  4. survivorship curves
  5. fertility schedules
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6
Q

List and describe the 3 types of survivorship curves

A
  • Type 1 - small clutch size with high survivability early on
  • Type 2 - steady death rate throughout life span
  • Type 3 - large clutch size where many die early in life
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7
Q

one type of allelle per characteristic; no variation in allelles

A

monomorphic

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8
Q

two allelles per characteristic

A

dimorphic

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9
Q

no limit to the number of allelles per characteristic

A

polymorphic

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10
Q

The sum total of all the interactions with both the living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the environment are described by ______________

A

an ecological niche

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11
Q

compared exponential growth with arithmetic growth

“…misery and vice…”

A

Thomas Robert Malthus

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12
Q

A homogenizing force that erases differences within the populations

A

geneflow

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13
Q

A single large population is subdivided or fragmented into two or more subpopulations

A

allopatric speciation

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14
Q

A small subset of the population leaves, or migrates thereby removing Their alleles from the “parent” population.

A

founder affect

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15
Q

random, unpredictable changes in population

A

genetic drift

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16
Q

List the two ways in which a population can evolve

A
  1. Natural selection - non-random changes that result from selective pressures acting on variation in a population and that not all of the variation is equal. natural selection is adaptive; selecting only those variants that increase fitness
  2. Genetic Drift - random, not adaptive – it is simply chance.
17
Q

An event eliminates most of the population. Initially there is a high mortality and individuals continue to be lost from the population until it reaches its’ minimum size. Most of the genetic diversity that was present earlier has now been lost.

A

bottle neck

18
Q

When genetic isolating mechanisms are incomplete genes/alleles of one species may make their way, through hybridization, into another species.

A

Introgression

19
Q

Population genetics; states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.

A

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

p + q = 1.

20
Q

the change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population

A

microevolution

21
Q

change that occurs at or above the level of species

A

macroevolution

Biology 2 (6 decks)

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