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Nat 5 Chemistry > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens when monomers join together during addition polymerisation?

A

Double bond breaks allowing free electrons to bond

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2
Q

What is a repeating unit?

A

Smallest part of chain that can represent the whole polymer

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3
Q

What are condensation polymers made from?

A

Monomers with two functional groups in each molecules

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4
Q

What is the condensation polymerisation general equation?

A

Idol + dicarboxylic acid -> polyester + water

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5
Q

When monomers join together during condensation polymerisation, what molecule is lost?

A

Water

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6
Q

What three elements provide nutrients for plants?

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK)

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7
Q

What is the haber process used for?

A

To make ammonia (NH3) from nitrogen and hydrogen

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8
Q

What is ammonia used for?

A

The making of fertilisers

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9
Q

What catalyst is used in the Haber process?

A

Iron

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10
Q

What is the Ostwald process?

A

When ammonia is used to make nitric acid

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11
Q

What are the starting materials for the Ostwald process?

A

Oxygen and ammonia

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12
Q

How does oxygen and ammonia combine to form nitrogen oxide in the Ostwald process?

A

In a reaction chamber where the catalyst is platinum

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13
Q

How can percentage mass of an element in a compound be calculated?

A

% mass = total mass of element/ formula mass X 100%

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14
Q

Describe a metal’s structure

A

A giant lattice of positively charged metal ions in a sea of delocalised electrons

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15
Q

How does a metal conduct electricity?

A

Delocalised electrons are free to move around

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16
Q

Metal + water -> ?

A

Metal hydroxide + hydrogen

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17
Q

Metal + acid -> ?

A

Salt + hydrogen

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18
Q

Metal + oxygen -> ?

A

Metal oxide

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19
Q

Which end of the reactivity series is most reactive?

A

Top

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20
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The loss of electrons

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21
Q

What is reduction?

A

The gaining of electrons

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22
Q

Where are most metals found?

A

In rocks called ores

23
Q

What metals can be extracted with electrolysis?

A

Highly reactive, e.g - magnesium, aluminium

24
Q

How can metals with a medium reactivity be extracted?

A

Heat with carbon (eg - zinc, iron, tin ,copper)

25
Q

How could silver or gold be extracted?

A

Heat alone

26
Q

When are addition polymers formed?

A

When lots of small unsaturated molecules (monomers) join together

27
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

An element that causes the reduction of the metal from it’s ore

28
Q

What does an electrolyte do?

A

It allows a flow of ions and connects the circuit

29
Q

Which way do the electrons flow form metal to metal?

A

High metal in electrochemical series gives electrons to lower metal

30
Q

What does a bigger gap (in electrochemical series) give?

A

A higher voltage

31
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

A reaction which involves an oxidation and a reduction reaction

32
Q

What must balance out in order to write a redox reaction?

A

The electrons

33
Q

What is an example of an every day product that uses redox reactions?

A

Fuel cells and rechargeable batteries

34
Q

Who is hydrogen often used in fuel cells?

A

Because only water is produced so there is very little pollution

35
Q

When does radioactivity occur?

A

When unstable isotopes of elements spontaneously decay with the emission of radiation and release of energy

36
Q

What are some examples of background radiation?

A

Cosmic rays, rocks, the sun

37
Q

How can radioactivity be measured?

A

With a Geiger-Muller tube

38
Q

What is an alpha particle?

A

A helium nuclei, 2 protons + 2 neutrons

39
Q

What is the symbol for an alpha particle?

A

4/2 He ^ 2+

40
Q

What are the three types of radiation?

A

Alpha, beta and gamma

41
Q

What is a beta particle?

A

Fast moving electrons from the nucleus

42
Q

What is the symbol for a beta particle?

A

0/-1 e

43
Q

What is gamma radiation?

A

Waves which have no mass

44
Q

What penetrates alpha radiation?

A

A sheet of paper

45
Q

What penetrates beta radiation?

A

A few mm of aluminium

46
Q

What penetrates gamma?

A

A few cm of lead or concrete

47
Q

When writing nuclear equations what must be equal on both sides?

A

Mass and atomic number

48
Q

What is half-life?

A

The average time taken for the activity of a radioactive substance to decrease by half

49
Q

How long a half life is safer?

A

A shorter half life

50
Q

What can used to find the age of something?

A

Carbon dating

51
Q

What is a medical use of radioisotopes?

A

Gamma can be used for radio therapy

52
Q

What are some industrial uses of radio isotopes?

A

Sterilise surgical equipment, ensure correct fill level in packaging foods, gauge thickness in sheet metal

53
Q

What type of radiation is used in smoke detectors?

A

Alpha

Nat 5 Chemistry (3 decks)

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