Unit 3

Question 1

Cellular respiration

Answer 1

Glycolysis, pyruvate conversion, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

Question 2

Glycolysis

Answer 2

Glucose (a sugar) is a 6C molecule and it is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules that are 3C. The pyruvate is then converted into acetyl CoA

Question 3

Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)

Answer 3

Oxaloacetate forms citrate with the acetyl CoA and CO2 is released

Question 4

Ethanol fermentation

Answer 4

Converting sugar into energy and producing carbon dioxide as a result. Occurs in the lack of oxygen.

Question 5

Electron transport chain

Answer 5

Last step of cellular respiration. The oxygen forms water.

Question 6

Substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 6

Results in formation of ATP. Oxidative creates a lot more.

Question 7

Photosynthesis

Answer 7

Converting light energy into chemical energy.

Question 8

Photosystem

Answer 8

Embedded in the lipid bilayer of the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts

Question 9

Light dependent reactions

Answer 9

Light energy propels electrons through the photo systems into a high energy state; eventually making its way to the reaction center

Question 10

Redox reaction

Answer 10

Transfer of electrons.

Reduction gains electron and oxidation loses an electron.

Question 11

Calvin cycle

Answer 11

Light independent reaction. Produces glucose needed for cellular respiration. RuBisCo (an enzyme) converts carbon dioxide into a 5C RuBP. This breaks down into 2, 3C PGA molecules. Generates a glucose molecule and regenerate RuBP.

Question 12

Autotroph

Answer 12

Harvest energy from sun

Question 13

Heterotrophs

Answer 13

Uses organic carbon (mammals)

Question 14

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 14

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Question 15

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 15

Entropy will always increase over time

Question 16

Exergonic

Answer 16

Release of energy

Question 17

Endergonic

Answer 17

Energy is absorbed

Question 18

Anabolic

Answer 18

Build new molecules

Question 19

Catabolic

Answer 19

Breakdown, release energy

Question 20

Stomach

Answer 20

Contains HCl, very acidic. Digestion of proteins.

Question 21

Duodenum

Answer 21

First part of the small intestine. The acid from the stomach stimulates the release of bile to neutralize and the fat droplets stimulate the release of lipase (pancreatic enzymes) to break them down

Question 22

Alveoli

Answer 22

Tiny sacs within our lungs

Question 23

What characteristics are desirable for gas exchange

Answer 23

Large surface area and small thickness

Question 24

What macromolecule is broken down by pepsin

Answer 24

Proteins

Question 25

Glucose absorption by epithelial cells in the small intestine can occur because

Answer 25

The Na+/K+ ATPase is in the basolateral membrane and establishes a concentration gradient so that glucose can enter through secondary active transport

Question 26

Vasa recta

Answer 26

Capillary bed surrounding the nephron

Question 27

During photosynthesis carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose. T/F?

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in the _______________. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the ______________.

Answer 28

Cytoplasm, mitochondria

Question 29

Saltwater fish

Answer 29

Gain electrolytes and lose water

Question 30

Proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 30

First part of renal system. Reabsorption of electrolytes and other nutrients.

Question 31

Beta oxidation occurs when

Answer 31

Fatty acids are broken down to produce NADH, FADH2, and acetyl CoA

Question 32

Three step elimination process

Answer 32

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Question 33

Getting rid of ammonia

Answer 33

Fish- excrete in urine
Mammals- enzymes convert to urea and excrete in urine
Birds and Reptiles- convert to uric acid

Question 34

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 34

Presence of ADH creates aquaporins and a concentrated urine. Absence of ADH causes a dilute urine.

Question 35

Flow of blood

Answer 35

Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium, into right ventricle, to the lungs, oxygenated bloods returns into left atrium, into left ventricle, into systematic circulation

Question 36

Changes in blood pressure are detected by cells In the

Answer 36

Kidney

Question 37

What causes an increase in blood pressure

Answer 37

Smooth muscle contraction in the arteries and increased uptake of water in the kidneys