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Biology Final > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Covalent bond

A

Bond between two or more atoms where electrons are shared

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2
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and another electronegative atom of another molecule
Ex: hydrogen bonds are between the nucleotides in DNA

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3
Q

Cell

A

The simplest entity that can exist as an independent unit of life

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4
Q

Monomer

A

Molecule that may bind chemical to other molecules to form a polymer
Ex: nucleotides, amino acids

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5
Q

Polymer

A

Complex molecules made up of repeated simpler units connected by covalent bonds

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6
Q

Examples of polymers

A

Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
Lipid membranes are polymers of fatty acids.
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.

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7
Q

Amino acid

A

Contains central carbon atom (alpha carbon) and is covalently bound to 4 groups: a carboxyl group (COOH), an amino group (NH2), a hydrogen atom (H), a “R’’ group or side chain which differs for all a,into acids
Amino acids are linked in a chain to form a protein

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8
Q

Peptide bond

A

The carbon atom in the carboxyl group of one amino acid is joined to the nitrogen atom in the amino group of the next covalent linkage. This releases two hydrogens and an oxygen (H2O)

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9
Q

Ionic bond

A

Attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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10
Q

Polypeptide

A

Chains of amino acids. One or more polypeptide molecules make up proteins.

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11
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Molecules composed of C, H, and O atoms. Are the principle source of enrage for metabolism.

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12
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

The covalent bonds that attach monosaccharides. Can be seen as two carbohydrates attached to an oxygen with single bonds.

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13
Q

Nucleotide

A

Building blocks of DNA and RNA. Composed of a base (A,T,G,C), sugar, and phosphoric acid. Linked together with hydrogen bonds.

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14
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

Link successive DNA, forming the backbone. Can be visualized as the O atom or OH atom bound to a P with 3 other O atoms (one double bond).

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15
Q

Fatty acid

A

Long chain of carbons attached to a carboxyl group (COOH) at the end

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16
Q

Triacylglycerol/Triglyceride

A

Lipid used for energy storage. Makes up of 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol (made up of OH, C, and CH2)

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17
Q

Hydrophilic

A

“Water loving” polar

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18
Q

Hydrophobic

A

“Water fearing”, non polar

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19
Q

Nucleus

A

Houses the cells DNA

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20
Q

Mitochondria

A

Specialized organelles that harness energy for the cell

21
Q

Rough ER

A

Associated with ribosomes. Many proteins are synthesized by ribosomes associated with the rough ER.

22
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Composed of two layers of fatty acids

23
Q

Vesicles

lysosomes

A

Fluid filled and enclosed with a lipid bilayer. Lysosomes are specialized vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus remove food particles and unneeded cell material.

24
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Next stop after the endoplasmic reticulum. Further modifies proteins and lipids produced by the ER, and acts as a sorting station.

25
Q

Central Dogma of Biology

A

Describes the basic flow of information in a cell, and while there are exceptions, it constitutes a fundamental principle in biology.

26
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

A

The information archive

27
Q

RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA. Necessary for transcription,

28
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA. Carries information from DNA to the ribosomes (site of protein synthesis)

29
Q

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

A

Helps decode a messenger RNA sequence into a protein

30
Q

rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

A

Allows protein synthesis to occur. Helps translate mRNA into protein.

31
Q

Transcription

A

Synthesis of a new RNA template from DNA. Occurs in the nucleus.

32
Q

Translation

A

Conveying information from RNA to form proteins. Occurs in the cytoplasm.

33
Q

Integral membrane protein

A

Permanently attached to the biological membrane

34
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Amino acid sequence

35
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Due to hydrogen bonding. Alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets.

36
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Overall shape; due to interactions of amino acid side chains

37
Q

Quaternary structure

A

2 or more polypeptides interact to form a single structure (I.e. hemoglobin)

38
Q

Carboxyl group

A

COOH, found in amino acids and fatty acids.

39
Q

Amino group

A

Nitrogen bound to hydrogens, and an R group. Found in amino acids.

40
Q

“R” group

A

Found in amino acids; any group in which a carbon or hydrogen is attached to the rest of the molecule

41
Q

Disulfide bond (S-S)

A

Can link together two proteins

42
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules due to random motion

43
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

44
Q

Primary active transport

A

Uses chemical energy stored in ATP

Ex: sodium potassium ATPase

45
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Uses energy of an electrochemical gradient

46
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Without nucleus

47
Q

Eukaryotes

A

With nucleus

48
Q

What makes something living?

A
  1. Complexity
  2. Ability to change in response to environment
  3. Reproduction
  4. Ability to evolve

Biology Final (4 decks)

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