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Biology Final > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Micro tubule

A

Polymer of tubulin dimers. Key components of cilia and flagella. Helps cells withstand compression and maintain their shape. For the spindle apparatus which is important for cell division.

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2
Q

Micro filaments/Actin filament

A

Actin monomers. Reinforce the plasma membrane and organize proteins. Maintain the shape of the cell.

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3
Q

Intermediate filament

A

Provide cells with mechanical strength. Proteins that make up the intermediate filaments differ from one cell to another. Cable like structure and very resilient to stretch.

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4
Q

Tight junctions

A

Connects two cells in order to remove space between them

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5
Q

Gap junctions

A

Connections between cells that allows varies molecules and ions to directly pass through. Ex: sodium

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6
Q

DNA replication

A

Occurs in the nucleus and produces identical copies

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7
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides

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8
Q

Double helix

A

Shape of DNA formed with anti parallel strands. Looks like a staircase

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9
Q

Antisense strand/Template strand

A

Serves as the source for the protein code

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10
Q

Sense (coding) strand

A

Compliment to the antisense strand and is the same as the new RNA strand synthesized from the antisense strand

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11
Q

5 prime end

A

Same for both DNA and RNA, contains the phosphate group

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12
Q

3 prime end

A

DNA containers hydrogen whereas RNA has a hydroxyl group

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13
Q

Leading strand

A

From 5’ to 3’ and is continuous replication

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14
Q

Lagging strand

A

From 5’ to 3’ and is replicated in fragments known as Okazaki fragments

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15
Q

Primer

A

Serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis because DNA polymerase requires an existing strand of nucleotides

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16
Q

Mutation

A

Occurs in DNA and is a permanent change in the nucleotide sequence

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17
Q

Silent mutations

A

Nucleotide substitution. Results in a different codon but the same amino acid forming from that codon.

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18
Q

Missense mutation

A

Different codon forms a different amino acid resulting in the replacement of an amino acid

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19
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Creates a stop codon that terminates translation

Ex: UAG codon

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20
Q

Frameshift (insertion or deletion) mutation

A

Insertion or deletion of a nucleotide which results in a change of all the codons
Ex: cystic fibrosis where 3 nucleotides are deleted which results in a missing amino acid causing ion imbalances

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21
Q

Karyotype

A

Number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus

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22
Q

Chromosomes

A

Made up of DNA and proteins. Passed from parents to offspring. Includes your genetic makeup.

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23
Q

Gene

A

Region of DNA that encodes RNA or protein product and is responsible for phenotypic traits

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24
Q

Allele

A

Variant form of a gene. Humans are diploid because one allele is inherited from each parent.

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25
Q

Genotype

A

An individual’s collection of genes, or the inherited alleles

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26
Q

Phenotype

A

An individual’s observable traits

27
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different alleles (dominant and recessive)

Ex: Bb

28
Q

Homozygous

A

Two of the same allele (dominant or recessive)

Ex: BB or bb

29
Q

Dominant allele

A

A trait that will appear in the offspring if one of the parents contributes it

30
Q

Recessive allele

A

The second allele; only show their affect if the individual has two copies

31
Q

Punnet square

A

Used to predict the outcomes of offspring of a particular cross

32
Q

Test cross

A

Breeding of dominant individual and recessive individual in order to determine genotype

33
Q

Phenotypic trait

A

Observable trait such as hair color, eye color

34
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Stating that when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors as sort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together

35
Q

Law of Segregation

A

During production of gametes, the two copies of each genetic factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent

36
Q

Mitosis

A

When cells divide into identical cells

37
Q

Meiosis

A

Division of cells into 4 daughter cells that are not identical and are haploid (one set of chromosomes)

38
Q

Somatic cells

A

Any cell in the body except for sperm and egg cells. They are diploid (2 sets of chromosomes).

39
Q

Prophase

A

Mitosis- chromosomes condense and become visible. Micro tubules radiate to opposite poles.
Meiosis- same thing but with crossing over present.

40
Q

Metaphase

A

Mitosis- micro tubules attach to chromosomes at kinetochure and align in a position roughly equidistant from the two poles
Meiosis- same but without separation of sister chromatids (due to crossing over)

41
Q

Anaphase

A

Mitosis- sister chromatids separate and travel to opposite poles
Meiosis- homologous chromosomes separate but sister chromatids remain together

42
Q

Telophase

A

Mitosis- nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense (you have two identical diploid daughter cells)

43
Q

Anaphase II (Meiosis II)

A

Sister chromatids separate and you have four genetically different haploid daughter cells

44
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Physical process of cell division

45
Q

Chromatid (Sister chromatids)

A

A chromatid is one copy of a chromosome joined to another chromosomes. Both copies are identical.

46
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Similar in size and shape but not identical. Carry the same genes but not the same allele.

47
Q

Gamete

A

Haploid germ cell that is able to produce a zygote

48
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes

49
Q

Oocyte

A

A cell from which an egg develops

50
Q

Polar bodies

A

Haploid cell formed during meiosis. Does unit have the ability to be fertilized.

51
Q

Haploid

A

One set of chromosomes

52
Q

Diploid

A

Two sets of chromosomes

53
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of human egg and sperm

54
Q

Zygote

A

Formed from fertilization of two gametes

55
Q

The motor protein that causes sperm movement

A

Axonemal Dynein

56
Q

Protein that supports the shape of micro villi

A

Actin

57
Q

Kinesin

A

Movement of a vesicles toward the plasma membrane

58
Q

Dynein

A

Movement of a vesicles away from plasma membrane

59
Q

Mitosis spindle is composed of polymers of

A

Tubulin

60
Q

Cell division cycle

A

M, G1, S phase, G2

61
Q

Synapsis

A

When maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes exchange information

62
Q

X-linked

A

Males get it from their mothers

63
Q

Who can a woman inherit an X-linked condition from?

A

Both mother and father need to have it

Biology Final (4 decks)

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