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English 1900 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are paragraphs?

A

The building blocks of an essay

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2
Q

The 4 principles in paragraphs

A
  1. Unity
  2. Development
  3. Organization
  4. Coherence
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3
Q

How do paragraphs help guide readers through longer pieces of writing?

A
  • Break lengthy discussions of one idea into segments of different emphasis, giving the readers rest stops
  • Some consolidate several briefly developed ideas
  • Some begin or end pieces of writing or link major segment together
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4
Q

What do most paragraphs contain?

A

A number of sentences that develop and clarify one idea

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5
Q

How do you make a paragraph fit together?

A

You need to reflect on the entire essay, then channel your thoughts toward it’s different segment. All paragraphs relate to another and reflect a controlled purpose

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6
Q

What is unity?

A

A paragraph with unity develops one, and only one, key controlling idea

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7
Q

How to make a paragraph have unity?

A
  • Edit out any stray ideas that don’t fit

- Don’t insert interesting but irrelevant side trips because it will confuse the reader

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8
Q

What is the topic Sentence and what does it do?

A
  • States the main ideas of the paragraph
  • Helps guage what information belongs in a paragraph and ensures unity
  • informs the reader about the point you are making
  • Can be places in various sports from paragraph to paragraph
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9
Q

Topic Sentence Stated FIrst

A

Open with a topic sentence. The writer reveals the central idea immediately and builds from a solid base

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10
Q

Topic Sentence Stated Last

A

To emphasize the support and build gradually to a conclusion, end the paragraph with the topic . It creats suspense as the reader anticpiates the summarizing remark

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11
Q

Topic Sentence Stated First and Last

A

Some paragraphs lead with the main idea and then restate it, in differnt words, at the end. This allows the writer to repeat especially important ideas

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12
Q

Topic Sentences States in the Middle

A

The sentence falls between one set of sentences that provide background information and a follow up set up development the central idea. This allows the writer to shift the emphasis and at the same time preserve close ties between the two sets.

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13
Q

Topic Sentence Implied

A

Particularly found in narratice and descriptive writing. All sentences point toward a main idea that the readers must grasp for themselves

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14
Q

Adequate Development

A
  • The author needs to give enogh information to make thier point clearly
  • Students should not ask for guidlines on lenght of an essay, but instead on what the reader needs to know
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15
Q

Adequate Development: Do not write paragraphs

A
  • inadequatly
  • skimpy: may irritate and stump reader
  • useless padding: diluted the main idea
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16
Q

What determins the proper amount of details?

A
  • The reader
  • The infomation
  • Publication medium
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17
Q

What can detail come from?

A
  • Facts
  • Figures
  • Thoughts
  • Observations
  • Steps
  • Lists
  • Examples
  • Personal experiences
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18
Q

Paragraph length

A
  • paragraphs signal natural dividing places that allow the reader to pause and absorb material
  • Too little paragraphing overwhelms the reader with long blocks of material
  • Too much will create a short coppy effect that may seem to simplistic, even irritation
  • To counter the problems the wirter should use several paragraphs for an idea that needs extended development, or to combine several short paragraphs into one
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19
Q

Organization

A
  • An effective paragraph uses a clear pattern of organization so the reader can easily follow the flow of ideas
  • When writting a draft the author will try to organize thier work, bu when stuck try and follow the order of the climax
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20
Q

The nine Writing Strategies

A
  1. Time Sequences
  2. Space Sequence
  3. Process anaysis
  4. Illustration
  5. Classification
  6. Comparison
  7. Cause and effect
  8. Definition
  9. Argument
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21
Q

Order of Climax

A
  • creats a crescendo pattern, starting with the least emphatic details and progressing to the most empatic
  • Holds the readers interest by building suspense
  • The topic sentence can be placed anywhere
  • Do not give the heaviest punch first becasue you will trail off and leave the reader dissatisfied
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22
Q

What is Coherence?

A

writing that flows smootly and easily from one sentence and paragraph to another

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23
Q

What does Coherrence do?

A
  • Clarifies the relationship among ideas, allowing the reader to grasp connections
  • forms sufficent detail and your firm sense of the way your ideas go together
  • Signal to the reader with transitions
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24
Q

What are Transitions

A

Devices that link sentences to one another

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25
Q

4 Types of Transitions

A
  1. Connection words and phrases
  2. Repeated Key Words-Same words
  3. Prononus and Demonstrative adjectives
  4. Parallelism- repeated words and sentence structures
26
Q

Repeated Key Words

A
  • Key workds, especially thoes that help convey a paragraph’s central idea, can smooth the readers path
  • The words may appear in different forms, but their presence keeps the main issues before the reader
27
Q

Pronous

A
  • Stand in for nouns that appear earlier in the sentence or in previous sentences
  • Mixing pronous and nous help prevent monotony and promotes clarity
28
Q

Demonstrative Adjectives

A
  • Specail adjectives that identify or point out nouns rather than describe them
  • 4 Demonstrative adjectives that help hook ideas together are: this, that, these, and thoese
29
Q

Parallelsim

A
  • The use of reptition of grammatical form to express a series of equivalent ideaws
  • The repetition adds rhythm and balance to the writing
30
Q

Paragraphs With Special Functions

A
  • Include introducations, transitional paragraphs, and conclusions
  • One paragrap introductions and conclusion appear in short, multiparapgraph essay while transtion paragarapshs occur primarily in long compositions
31
Q

Connecting Words and Phrases

A

Clarifies relationships between sentences

32
Q

Connecting Words and Phrases: Showing Similarity

A
  • in like manner
  • likewise
  • moreover
  • similarily
33
Q

Connecting Words and Phrases: Showing Contrast

A
  • at the same time
  • but
  • even
  • so
  • however
34
Q

Connecting Words and Phrases: Showing Results or effects

A
  • Accordingly
  • As a result
  • Because
35
Q

Connecting Words and Phrases: Adding ideas together

A
  • also
  • besides
  • first (second, third)
  • in addition
36
Q

Connecting Words and Phrases: Drawing conclusions

A
  • As a result
  • Finally
  • In brief
37
Q

Connecting Words and Phrases: Pointing out examples

A
  • For example
  • For instance
  • To illustrate
38
Q

Connecting Words and Phrases: Showing emphasis and clarity

A
  • above all
  • After all
  • Again
  • As a matter
39
Q

Connecting Words and Phrases: Indication Time

A
  • At time
  • After
  • Afterwards
  • From then on
40
Q

Connecting Words and Phrases: Conceding A point

A
  • Granted that
  • Of course
  • To be sure
41
Q

Introductions

A
  • A good introduction announces an essay’s topic and may directly state the thesis
  • It will set the tone of the paper
  • First impression are important and should rouses the readers interest and pave the way for the readers ideas
42
Q

Information in an introduction

A
  • Do not use mechanical, plodding or dull information because it will turn the reader away
  • Gear the length of the introduction to the length of the essay
  • There are many different ways to start an essay depending on purpose, subject, audience, and personality
43
Q

Introduction: A Directly Stated Thesis

A

A common type of opening, that is informing the reader about what will follow

44
Q

Introduction: A Definition

A

Works will in papers that acquaint the reader with an unfamiliar topic

45
Q

Introduction: A Quotation

A

Is good for springboarding ideas that will follow in the paper. Makes sure the quote is related to the topic

46
Q

Introduction: An Anecdote or Personal Experience

A

A well told personal anecdote can lure readers into the rest of the paper. It should also show what will be wrote about

47
Q

Introduction: An Arresting Statement

A

Jolt the reader into attention, using content, language, or both, particularly if our essay develops an unusual or extreame postition

48
Q

Introduction: Interesting Details

A

Details pique curiosity and draw the reader into hte paper

49
Q

Introduction: A Question

A

A provocative question can entice the reader into the essay to find the answer

50
Q

Transitional Paragraphs

A
  • A short paragraph that announces a shift from one group to another
  • They summarize previously explained ideas, repeat he thesis, or point to ideas that follow
51
Q

Conclusions

A
  • Round out the paper and signals that the discussion has been completed
  • Not all paper require a separate conclusion; Narrative and Descriptions don’t
52
Q

Why the conclusion is important

A
  • benefits the essay because they drive the point home a final time
  • To be effective the essay must mesh logically and stylistically with the information that comes earlier
  • A long, complex paper often ends with a summary of the main points in writing conclusions
53
Q

Cautions in writing conclusion

A
  1. Don’t introduce new material. Draw together, round out, but don’t take off in a new direction
  2. Don’t take on an ending in desperation when the hour is late and the paper is do tomorrow
  3. Don’t apologize. Saying that you could have done a better job makes the reader wonder why you didn’t
  4. Don’t moralize. A preachy conclusion can undermine the position you have established in the rest of the your composition
54
Q

Conclusion: Restatement of Thesis

A

Put the thesis in the conclusion but in different words

55
Q

Conclusion: A Summary

A

Draw together and reinforce the main points of a paper

56
Q

Conclusion: A Question

A

A final question often prompts the reader to think further on the topic. If it is a persuasive essay phrase the conducting question so that a reasonable person answer emphasizes your point of view

57
Q

Conclusion: Ironic Twist or Surprising Observation

A

Prompt the reader to think further about a paper’s topic

58
Q

Conclusion: Clever or Lighthearted Ending

A

An ending to make the reader think but end on a good note and ends by exaggerating the fault being criticized

59
Q

Conclusion: Personal Challenge

A

Prompts the reader to take some action

60
Q

Conclusion: Hope or Recommendation

A

May restate points already made in the essay or suggest actions to take in order to arrive at a solution

English 1900 (5 decks)

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