Unit 2 Flashcards

Question

Reductio ad Absurdum

Answer 1

A common and powerful form of deduction that is used to question a position by showing that its consequences are problematic if carried to it'a logical end

Answer 2

A deductive argument that is built around a categorical statement of three statements that follow a fixed pattern to ensure sound reasoning

Answer 3

1. Major Premise: A category of things and say that all or none of them share a certain characteristic (big idea) 2. Minor Premise: notes that a thing or group of things belong to that category 3. Conclusion: states that the thing or group shares the characteristics of the category - the minor and major premises are true

Answer 4

Can be found anywhere in an essay - The intro to set the stage for the evidence - various places in the body - The conclusion

Answer 5

- Make sure they are in logical order | - Make sure the major premise of your syllogism is true

Answer 6

Analogy compares two unlike situations or things] - Arguers use them because 2 items share 1 or more likenesses, they area alike in other ways - Analogy is the weakest form of rational appeal

Answer 7

- Emotional appeal can be a powerful reinforcement - Advertisers use emotion to play upon hopes, fears, and vanities - Use events that arouse strong emotional response to be effective

Answer 8

The image that the writer projects - before logic works the audience must be willing to consider the argument - If you write with concern for your topic, you will come across as reasonable - Bitter remarks will not go unnoticed in the paper

Answer 9

Fallacies are lapses in logic that reflect upon your ability to think clearly, and weaken your argument

Answer 10

When someone gives generalized results based on too little evidence

Answer 11

Draws unwarranted conclusions from seemingly ample evidence

Answer 12

When a person attaches one or more supposed characteristics to a group or one of its members

Answer 13

The writer present only part of the available evidence on a topic, deliberately omitting essential information that would alter the picture considerably

Answer 14

Assert that only two choices exist when, in fact several option are possible

Answer 15

- Asserting the truth of some unproved statement | - Despite a lack of suitable evidence, people accept the faulty logic

Answer 16

- Supports a position by restating it | - Repetition replaces evidence

Answer 17

When the author sidetracks an issue by introducing irrelevant information

Answer 18

Designates an argument that attacks an individual rather than that individuals opinions or qualifications

Answer 19

Arouses an emotional response by playing on the irrational fears and prejudices of the audience

Answer 20

Points out some similarity or connection between one person or group and another

Answer 21

Assuming that because one event follows another, the first even caused the second

Answer 22

The error in assuming that two circumstances or things are similar in all important respects, when in fact they are not

Answer 23

- When writing an argument we alter attitudes or spark some action - These objectives create an ethical responsibility for the quality and possible consequence of our argument

Answer 24

1. Have I carefully considered the issue I'm arguing and the stance I'm taking? 2. Am I fair to other positions on the issue? 3. Are my reasons and evidence legitimate? 4. Do I use fallacies or other types of faulty thinking to manipulate the reader unfairly? 5. What consequences could follow if readers adopt my position?

Answer 25

There are several different types of topics that can be seen by many people in different fields so the author needs to plan what they will be writing about and how they will write it

Answer 26

- Be prepared to focus on your topic question. May discover that related questions are more than enough of a subject - Do not ignore evidence that contradicts your thinking

Answer 27

- Be informed on your topic | - Research by reading, talking to others, observations, and so on

Answer 28

1. What are the reasons for the various positions 2. What values are at stake, and what conclusion do they imply? 3. What shared ideas, do we accept, and what can be deduced from those ideas? 4. What kind of evidence supports the position? 5. IF the evidence induces statistics and authoritative opinions, are they reliable or flawed for some reason 6. What are the objections to each position, and how can they be countered? 7. If the issue involves taking some action, what might be it's consequences?

Answer 29

- When contemplating your position and evidence, consider the purpose of your argument and how it might effect your strategies - Arguments are written for different purposes an require different approached

Answer 30

- relies on assorted evidence - combination of statistics - authoritative opinion - personal experience

Answer 31

- In a school or work place

Answer 32

- discuss the need for policy or action - how it can best be met - the cost of feasibility of your recommendation - benefits that will result

Answer 33

- indicate what you are trying to prove - identify the points on which the items will be evaluated - use reasoning along with details, examples, or statistics to demonstrate that one item has greater worth than the other

Answer 34

- Purpose and audience are closely linked - Tailor your argument to what the reader knows - Adopt the attitude that most readers are willing to believe because your approach is appealing and your evidence is sound

Answer 35

1. What are the reader's interest, expectations, and needs concerning this issue? 2. What evidence is most likely to convince them? 3. What objections and consequences would probably weigh most heavily with them? 4. How can I answer the objections?

Answer 36

- An argument that is emotional charged - This type of argument attempts to reduce the antagonism that people with opposing views might feel about your position - Shows you understand the opposing position and acknowledge it's good points. - After making common ground, show a conclusion that follows the reader's own values and assumptions without compromising your own

Answer 37

- Write to share with your readers how you came to your conclusion 1. allows you to indicate doubts about your position 2. explain why certain reasons and evidence have weight for you 3. include personal reasons that influenced you 4. address alternative positions and arguments that may tempt you - Exploratory essays do not have to be informal or personal

Answer 38

-After you have a good grasp on your position, reason, evidence, and approach you are ready to draft

Answer 39

- An intro arouses the reader's interest and may present the proposition - It may include affirming the reader core values or beliefs on which you build your argument

Answer 40

- Don't use evidence that will cause resistance - establish common ground - End with the most compelling piece of evidence

Answer 41

1. Description 2. Definition 3. Classify 4. Effects 5. Comparing

Answer 42

- Point out evidence that undermines the position - Identify faulty assumptions how they are faulty: they don't lead to the implied conclusion, they lack effectiveness of an alternative, or they are false or unsupported. - Identify problems in the logic of the argument

Answer 43

- Refutation can be used throughout the body or group together just a head of the conclusion - Don't gloat or use sarcastic tones - Don't use straw man tactics by calling attention to trivial weakness of the opposing side so you demolish the - Don't be afraid to concede secondary or insignificant points to the opposition

Answer 44

There are 3 different patterns, but you are not limited to this pattern

Answer 45

starts by affirming the reader's core values and beliefs and then shows deductively and by supporting evidence how those values and beliefs yield the conclusion you hope to support

Answer 46

Ponder these questions - Is it my topic controversial? Have I examined all of the main positions? Assessed the evidence supporting each other? Considered the objections to each position and how they can be countered? - Is the paper aimed at the audience I want to reach? Have I tailored my argument to appeal to the audience? - Is my evidence sound, adequate, and appropriate to the argument? Are my authorities qualified? Have I established their expertise? - If I've used analogy, are my points of comparison pertinent to the issue? - If I've included an emotion appeal, does it center on those emotions most likely to sway the readers?

Unit 2 Flashcards

(70 cards)