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Biological Science 2010 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Frederick Griffith discover in 1928?

A

Demonstration of bacterial transformation.

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2
Q

What bacteria did Frederick use and what were the describe the strains of this bacteria?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Smooth- lethal bc of pathogenic peptidoglycan
Rough- NonLethal

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3
Q

What did Frederick add to the rough form of Strep that caused it to become lethal? (R—>S)

A

Heat

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4
Q

The phenomenon of bacteria changing from the R strain to S strain is called _____?

A

Tranformation

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5
Q

The material response for transformation is the ____?

A

Transformation factor

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6
Q

What did Avery, McCarthy, and McLeod discover in 1944?

A

That the transforming factor was acidic extract from the nucleus (DNA) by using reductionist biology.

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7
Q

How did Avery, McCarthy, and McLeod discover that DNA was the transforming factor?

A

By using a T2 phage labeled w/ 35S (radioactive proteins) or 32P(radioactive DNA) to see which would enter when the page was infected.

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8
Q

What did Chargaff discover in 1950?

A

That DNA composition varies between species and that in any species the complimentary bases are equal.

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9
Q

What is Chargaff’s Rule?

A

A% = T% , C%= G%, (A%+T%) + (C%+G%) = 100%

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10
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin produce from using x-ray crystallography to study acidic fraction of calf thymus nuclear material along w/ Maurice Wilkins?

A

X-ray Diffraction (images of DNA)

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11
Q

Using the images of DNA Franklin was able to produce what were Watson and Crick able to do?

A

Crick was able to deduce the width of the helix and the spacing of the nitrogenous bases.

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12
Q

What does Watson and Crick’s semi-conservative model tell about DNA replication?

A

Replication predicts that when a double helix replicates, each daughter molecule will have one old strand (derived or “conserved” from the parent molecule) and one newly made strand.

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13
Q

What does the enzyme helicase do in DNA replication?

A

unwinds the double helix

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14
Q

What does the enzyme topoisomerase do in DNA replication?

A

relieves the strain of twisting caused by unwinding of double helix, breaks, swivels, and rejoins bonds

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15
Q

What does the enzyme primase do in DNA replication?

A

Makes a primer (starting point) for synthesis of a new DNA strand

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16
Q

What does the enzyme poylmerae do in DNA replication?

A

Polymerizes a new strand of DNA by adding nucleotides

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17
Q

What does the enzyme ligase do in DNA replication?

A

ligates or joins together nucleic acids

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18
Q

What are the three stages of DNA replication?

A

initiation, elongation, proof-reading and repair

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19
Q

Where does replication of DNA begin?

A

At sites called origins, where the two DNA strands are separated, opening up a replication “bubble”

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20
Q

Each nucleotide that is added to a growing DNA strand is called _____?

A

a nucleoside triphosphate

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21
Q

An enzyme called _______ catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells

A

Telomerase

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22
Q

What is the function of telomeres?

A

The seals that eukaryotic chromosomal DNA molecules have at their ends nucleotide sequences. They also postpone the erosion of genes near the ends of DNA molecules

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23
Q

_____ are the link between genotype & phenotype .

A

Proteins

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24
Q

What are the two stages of gene expression?

A

Transcription and translation

25
Q

What did Archibald Garrod suggest in 1909?

A

That genotype dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze reactions, and thought that the rare inheritable disease Alkapeonuria reflected the inability to synthesize a certain enzyme

26
Q

What did Beadle and Tatum come up with?

A

The One Gene Hypothesis by exposing bred mold to x-rays which caused mutations

27
Q

What is the One Gene Hypothesis?

A

States that each gene dictates production of a specific enzyme

28
Q

What is the One Gene Hypothesis called and why?

A

One Gene–One Polypeptide Hypothesis, because not all proteins are enzymes and many proteins are composed of several polypeptides, each of which has its own gene

29
Q

RNA is the intermediate between ____ and ___ they code for.

A

DNA genes, proteins

30
Q

RNA polymerase catalyzes the action of new codons in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’

31
Q

Define transcription.

A

Synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA

32
Q

Define translation.

A

Synthesis of polymerase under the direction of RNA

33
Q

_____ are the site of translation.

A

Ribosomes

34
Q

Define codons.

A

triplets of bases, the smallest units of uniformed length that can code for all 20 amino acids

35
Q

What did Walther Flemming discover in 1882?

A

lampbrush chromosomes

36
Q

What direction are codons read by the translation machinery?

A

5’ to 3’

37
Q

What are the three stop signals?

A

UAG, UAA, UGA

38
Q

All polypeptides start with what codon?

A

Methyanine, AUG

39
Q

RNA synthesis is catalyzed by ____ which unwinds the DNA strand and hooks together RNA nucleotides.

A

RNA polymerase

40
Q

What is the base pairing rule for RNA and DNA synthesis?

A

Antiparallel

41
Q

Where does transcription start in bacteria?

A

The promoter

42
Q

Where is transcription signaled to stop in bacteria?

A

By the terminator

43
Q

What is the stretch of DNA transcribed?

A

Transcription unit

44
Q

What are the stages of Transcription and Translation?

A
  1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination
45
Q

In the initiation of transcription, what are the function of promoters?

A

They are the regions of DNA that signal the initiation of RNA synthesis

46
Q

What is the function of transcription factors?

A

To mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription

47
Q

A promoter sequence called ____ is crucial in forming the initiation complex in eukaryotes.

A

TATA Box

48
Q

A gene can transcribed simultaneously by several ____

A

RNA polymerases

49
Q

Describe termination in prokaryotes.

A

The polymerase stops transcribing at DNA sequence called TERMINATOR

50
Q

Describe termination in eukaryotes.

A

The Pre-mRNA gets cleaved from the growing chain, the polymerase continues on then falls off

51
Q

How do eukaryotes modify mRNA after transcription?

A

By modifying it at the start 5’ with a modified G(guanine) cap or at the end 3’ with an A(Adenine) tail

52
Q

What are some of the functions of the mRNA modifications?

A

facilitate export of mRNA to cytoplasm, protect the RNA from hydrolytic enzymes, an help ribosomes attach at 5’ end for translation

53
Q

What are non-coding protein stretches or intervening sequences?

A

Introns

54
Q

What are expressed sequences ?

A

Exons

55
Q

The splicing of loops of introns is done by? And what do they consist of?

A

Splicesome, protein and small RNAs that recognize splice sites

56
Q

What are three properties of RNA that enable it to function as an enzyme?

A
  1. it can form 3D structures
  2. it contains functional groups
  3. it can complementarily bond w/ other nucleic acids
57
Q

What two steps are required for translation to occur?

A
  1. correct match of tRNA and an among acid

2. correct match of tRNA anticodon and mRNA codon

58
Q

What are the sites on the large subunit ribosome and their functions?

A

A- hold tRNA that carries the next amino aid
P- holds the growing polypeptide
E- the exit site

Biological Science 2010 (3 decks)

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