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Biological Science 2010 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define a cell.

A

The fundamental unit of life.

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2
Q

What two ways do we study cells?

A

Microscopy

AND

Cell fractionation

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3
Q

What three things does the quality of a microscopy image depend on? Define each on.

A
  • Magnification-ratio of an object to its size
  • Resolution-measure of clarity; minimum distance of 2 distinguishable points
  • Contrast- visible differences in parts of a sample
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4
Q

Describe the functions of a light microscope.

A
  • Light passes through specimin>passes through lens system to magnify image
  • Magnifies approx. 1000x
  • Has various techniques to enhance contrast
  • Can’t resolve most sub cellular structures
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5
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes and describe how they work.

A
  • Scanning electron microscope- focus beam of e- onto the surface of a specimen > 3D image> specimen must be coated in a film of gold
  • Transmission Electron Microscope- focus beam of e- through a specimen> 2D image>specimen covered w/ heavy metal
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6
Q

Define cell fractionation.

A

the act of taking apart and separating cells (separating major organelles)

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7
Q

What four features are common in all cells?

A

They all have:

  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytosol
  • Chromosomes
  • Ribosomes
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8
Q

Describe a prokaryotic cell.

A

Has no nucleus, (the DNA is located in the nucleoid), no membrane bound organelles, and cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane

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9
Q

Describe a eukaryotic cell.

A

The DNA is in a nucleus bound by a membrane envelope, membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm is the region between plasma membrane & nucleus

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10
Q

What are the two groups of organelles?

A

Endomembrane system and Energy conversion

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11
Q

Define the endomembrane system.

A

A system that consists of membranes that are directly/indirectly connected by transport vesicles.

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12
Q

What organelles are apart of the endomembrane system and what are their functions?

A
  • Nucleus- information center
  • Endoplasmic reticulum- factory
  • Golgi apparatus- shipping and receiving
  • Lysosomes- digestive compartments- dissassembly components
  • Vacuoles- maintenance & storage compartments
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13
Q

What organelles take part in energy conversion and what are their functions?

A
  • Mitochondria- energy production (have their own DNA)
  • Chloroplast- make sugars small carbohydrates
  • Peroxisome- breakdown compartment
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14
Q

Describe the nuclear envelope.

A

A double membrane (two lipid bilayers) that encloses the nucleus

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15
Q

What is the function of the nuclear pores on a nucleus?

A

To regulate entry and exit from nucleus

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16
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

A protein filament that maintains the shape of the nucleus

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17
Q

Define chromatin.

A

The genetic material formed by the nucleus DNA & associated proteins. Which condenses to form chromosomes.

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18
Q

Define the nucleolus and its location.

A

The site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, located within the nucleus.

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19
Q

Describe the function of ribosomes and the two locations they are located.

A

They cary out protein synthesis in two locations in the

  • Cytosol- proteins for use in the cytosol on the
  • ER- proteins for use elsewhere
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20
Q

Describe the smooth er and its function.

A
  • Lacks ribosomes
  • Synthesizes lipids
  • Metabolizes carbs
  • Detoxifies poisons
  • Stores calcium
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21
Q

Describe the rough er and its function.

A

Ribosomes on the surface secrete glycoproteins and distributes transport vesicles membrane factory for cell

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22
Q

The golgi apparatus consists of flattened membranous sacs called ____

A

cisternae

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23
Q

What are the functors of the golgi apparatus?

A

Modify products of ER

Manufacture some macromolecules sort and package materials into transport vesicles

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24
Q

Membranous sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that digest all four classes of biological macromolecules: ?

A

lysosome

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25
Q

Describe phagocytosis.

A

when a cell engulfs another cell

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26
Q

Describe autophagy.

A

Site of recycling organelles in a cell

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27
Q

Describe vacuoles and their function

A
  • The container for cells
  • Food vacuoles are found by phagocytosis
  • Contractile vacuoles found in many freshwater protists
  • Central vacuoles are found in mature plants; hold water and organic molecules
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28
Q

Which two organelles have a double membrane and their own DNA.

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

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29
Q

Describe a mitochondria.

A

Has a smooth outer membrane

Highly folded inner membrane- folded into cristae inner membrane separates inter membrane space and mitochondrial matrix

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30
Q

Describe chloroplasts.

A

member of the family plastids contain green pigment chlorophyl and molecules that function in photosynthesis CO2 —> small carb Found in leaves and other green organs of plants

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31
Q

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

A

It contains thylakoids- stacks of membranous sacs called GRANUM as well as storma- internal fluid

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32
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Specialized metabolic compartments bound by single membrane. Use oxygen to break down molecules

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33
Q

Define cytoskeleton.

A

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm it organizes the cell’s structures and activities

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34
Q

Describe microtubules and state their functions.

A
  • thickest hollow rods
  • approx. 25nm
  • grow out of centrosome near the nucleus

Function: shaping the cell, move organelles, separating chromosomes

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35
Q

Describe microfilaments and state their functions.

A
  • A.k.a Actin Filaments
  • thinnest components
  • solid rods
  • approx 7nm

Function: cell shape, microvilli of intestinal cells

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36
Q

Describe intermediate filaments and state their functions.

A
  • middle sized
  • range from 8-12 nm
  • most permanent fixtures of cytoskeleton

function: cell shape, fix organelles in place

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37
Q

What are two things microtubules make?

A

Cilia and flagella

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38
Q

What are two types of microfilaments and what are their function?

A

Actin and Myosin cellular motility muscle contraction ameboid movement cytoplasmic streaming

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39
Q

What are the three extracellular components?

A

Cell walls of plants, extracellular matrix, intercellular junctions

40
Q

Describe the cell wall of a plant and its structure.

A

protect the cell from excessive uptake of water made up of cellulose

Structure: -primary cell wall: thin and flexible

  • middle lamella: thin layer between 1 degree cell walls
  • secondary cell wall: (some cells) between plasma membrane
41
Q

Define extracellular matrix.

A

Made up of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin cover animal cells

42
Q

What are integrins?

A

Receptor proteins in the plasma membrane that ECM proteins bind to and go through the membrane

43
Q

What are the functions of the extracellular matrix?

A

support, adhesion, movement, and regulation

44
Q

What is the function of intercellular junctions?

A

To facilitate the physical contact of neighboring cells when they adhere, interact, and communicate

45
Q

What are the different types of intercellular junctions?

A

Plasmodesmata, Tight Junctions, Desomosomes, and Gap Junctions

46
Q

Define plasmodesmata.

A

channels that perfovak cell walls, allows water and small solutes to pass

47
Q

Define tight junctions.

A

membranes of neighboring cells pressed together to prevent leakage of extracellular fluids

48
Q

Define desmosomes.

A

anchoring junctions- fasten together cells in strong sheets

49
Q

Define gap junctions.

A

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

50
Q

Boundary that seperates cell from surroundings____.

A

Plasma membrane

51
Q

Molecules that contain hydrophobic and hydrophiic regions

A

Amphibic

52
Q

Describe the role of cholesterol.

A
  • At warm temps- cholesterol restrains movement
  • At cool temps- cholesterol maintains fluidity of membrane
53
Q

Describe peripheral proteins.

A

Bound to the surface

54
Q

Describe integral proteins.

A

Pass through hydrophobic core

Aka Transmembrane protiens

55
Q

List the functions of membrane protiens.

A
  • Transport
  • Enzymatic activity
  • Signal transduction
  • cell to cell recognition
  • intercellular joining
  • attachment to ECM
56
Q

Describe passive transport. And list examples.

A

No energy investment

Ex: Diffusion & Osmosis

Faciliated Diffusion- channel proteins and carrier proteins

57
Q

Describe active transport. And list examples.

A

Energy investment, moves molecules and solutes agaisnt concentration gradient.

Ex: Ion pumps, CoTransport

Bulk transport- endocytosis, exocytosis

Phagocytosis-cellular eating

Pinocytosis- cellular drinking

Receptor- mediated endocytosis

58
Q

What qualities do molecules that pass easily through the membrane have?

A
  • Hydrophobic
  • Nonpolar
  • Hydrocarbons
59
Q

Define transport proteins.

A

Protiens that provide a hydrophilic channel through which polar molecules can pass.

60
Q

Tendency for molecules to spread out evenly in space.

A

Diffusion

61
Q

Diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

62
Q

Abilty of a solution to cause a cell to gain/lose water.

A

Tonicity

63
Q

When solute concentrates are the same inside & outside the cell it said to be _____.

A

Isotonic

64
Q

When solute concentration> than insdie the cell and the cell loses water, it is said to be ____.

A

Hypertonic

65
Q

When solute concentration< than inside the cell and the cell gain water it is said to be ____.

A

Hypotonic

66
Q

Transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma memebrane. This process is called ____.

A

Facilitated Transport

67
Q

What is the function of channel proteins?

A

They provide corridors that allow specific molecules or ions to cross the cell membrane.

68
Q

What are the three channel proteins and their function?

A
  • Aquaporins- facilitate diffusion of H2O
  • Ion Channels- Open/Close in response to stimulus
  • Carrier Proteins- undergo a subtle change in structure and translocate solute
69
Q

Define active transport.

A

Use of energy to move solutes against concentration gradient

70
Q

When active transport of solute indirectly drives transport of another solute is called ____.

A

Cotransport

71
Q

When transport vesciles migrate to membrane, fuse w/ it then release contents.

A

Exocytosis

72
Q

What does endocytosis consist of ?

A
  • Phagocytosis- cellular eating (solids)
  • Pinocytosis- cellular drinking (liquids)
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
73
Q

Describe metabolism.

A

Tranforming matter & energy

74
Q

Catabolic reactions ___?

A

Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simplier molecules.

75
Q

Anabolic reactions_____?

A

Consume energy to build complex molecules from simplier ones.

76
Q

The study of how organisms manage energy reuses

A

Bioenergetics

77
Q

Define energy.

A

The capacity to do work and cause change.

78
Q

Define kinetic energy and heat.

A

Energy associated w/ motion

  • heat- thermal energy is kinetic energy associated w/ the motion of atoms or molecules.
79
Q

How many NADH, ATP, and FADH2 are made in ONE turn of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A
  • NADH = 3
  • ATP = 1
  • FADH2 = 1
80
Q

How many turns of the Citric Acid Cycle does one glucose make?

A

Two turns, one turn for each pyruvate a glucose has (glucose = 2 pyruvate)

81
Q

How many NADH, ATP, and FADH2 are produced from ONE GLUCOSE molecule?

A
  • NADH = 6
  • ATP = 2
  • FADH2 = 2
82
Q

Describe an exergonic reaction.

A
  • A spontaneous reaction
  • free energy decrease
  • change in free energy (delta G) stability increases
  • any energy given off can do work
83
Q

Describe an endergonic reaction.

A
  • a nonspontaneous reaction
  • free energy (delta G) increases
  • stability decreases
  • work/energy is required
84
Q

How does ATP work?

A

ATP becomes less stable by losing a phosphate becoming ATD, which makes it able to do work.

Adding an ATP to an endergonic (nonspontaneous) rection makes it exergonic (spontaneous)

85
Q

The use of an exergonic (spontaneous) reaction to drive an endergonic (nonspontaneous) reaction is called ____.

A

Energy Coupling

86
Q

Define entropy.

A

Disorder of energy.

87
Q

OIL stands for?

A

Oxidation is loss of electrons.

88
Q

RIG

A

Reduction is gain of electrons.

89
Q

What is the main oxidizing agent of cellulalar respiration in which glucose is oxidized?

A

Oxygen

90
Q

What are the three parts of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric Acid Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain
91
Q

The set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and the release waste products is called ____.

A

Cellular respiration

92
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

removes phosphates

93
Q

Kinase (hexokinase)

A

adds phosphate

94
Q

isomerase

A

creates an isomere

95
Q

Synthetase

A

synthesizes a new molecule

Biological Science 2010 (3 decks)

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