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Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

percent of the adults smokers in 2013

A

18% national
21.9% indiana
numbers came from the centers for disease control

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2
Q

smoking is

A

the chief preventable cause of death in the US

nearly everyone knows smoking is harmful

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3
Q

why do 20% of US adults smoke?

A 
social acceptability
ignorance
advertising
relaxation
handling instruments (having something to do with their hands)
oral gratification
decreases tension, anxiety, anger
weight control
family/friends smoke
stimulation and increased energy
habit
does not impair performance like other drugs
harmful effects then not to occur until it has been used for years
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4
Q

1 reason people smoke cigarettes

A

nicotine is an addictive drug
not all smokers become addicted
nicotine addiction= very powerful
affects 80-90% of smokers

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5
Q

how nicotine causes addiction

A

strong sensation of pleasure
lack of it causes discomfort (withdrawal)
stimulation craving long after withdrawal
symptoms disappear

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6
Q

major components of tobacco

A

nicotine
carbon monoxide
tar

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7
Q

nicotine

A 
*psychoactive drug
can cause physical dependence
stimulant and depressant properties
takes 7.5 seconds to reach the brain
*does what the smoker needs- a stimulant and depressant
helps with simple repetitive tasks
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8
Q

carbon monoxide

A

*most abundant gas in tobacco smoke
oxygen displacer- interfere with blood’s ability to carry oxygen
*smokers are “out of breath”

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9
Q

Tar

A

sticky, dark mixture
total of all solid material that is inhaled
irritate the respiratory tract (smokers cough)

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10
Q

Surgeon General’s Report (1964)

A

increases overall mortality among men
causes lung cancer
causes chronic bronchites
smoking= habitually (not additive)

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11
Q

surgeon General’s report (1989)

A

increases mortality and morbidity in men and women
casual association between many diseases
smoking=addiction

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12
Q

master settlement agreement (1999)

A

class action suit filed by all 50 states
recoup Medicaid $ for tobacco related costs
tobacco industry pay $246 billion
use $ for cessation and prevention efforts

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13
Q

cigarette smoking increases risk

A

heart disease
cancer
lung diseases
After you stop your body can restore itself

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14
Q

amount of deaths related to smoking in the US

A

1 in 5

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15
Q

lung cancer

A

risk= proportional to smoking amount and duration
rare in nonsmokers
former smokers reduce risk of lung cancer significantly (vs. when they were smoking)

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16
Q

effects on nonsmokers

A

involuntary/passive smoking
mainstream smoke
side stream smoke

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17
Q

involuntary/passive smoking

A

inhalation of air containing tobacco smoke by nonsmokers

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18
Q

mainstream smoke

A

smoke inhaled and then exhaled by smoker

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19
Q

sidestream smoke

A

smoke from burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar

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20
Q

environmental tobacco smoke

A

tobacco smoke, regardless of its source, that stays within a common source of air

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21
Q

health concerns- passive/involuntary smoking

A

side stream smoke=85% of harmful substances
not filtered; more CO, CO2 and nicotine
some experts- smokers and nonsmokers exposed to same smoke
insufficient ventilation
eye irritation, nasal systems, headaches, cough, dislike oder

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22
Q

smoking regulations

A

restructions/bans
u.s. airline industry
children= increased risk for bronchitis, pneumonia, coughing, ear infections
partners/roommates= increased risk for heart attacks, cancer

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23
Q

e-cigarettes

A 
no tobacco or smoke
synthetic nicotine- higher than cigarettes 
sold to children
FDA= potentially harmful- not sure
banned on airplanes
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24
Q

nicotine withdrawal

A

symptoms=anxiety, irritability, anger, increased appetite, urges to smoke
W/D peaks 1st 1-2 days
longterm abstinence= enhanced self-esteem and increased sense of control

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25
Q

what american president was asked in the early 1960’s if smoking was safe

A

John F. Kennedy

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26
Q

anti-smoking announcements started airing in 1962. describe one example of an anti-smoking public service announcement.

A

2 children imitating their parents- realize smoking works the same way

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27
Q

Luther Terry, MD, Surgeon General, released the first government report on smoking and health in 1964. why was it such an important event?

A

it was the first time smoking was said to have a dramatic effect on health- hit tobacco companies hard- started center studies by Tobacco company

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28
Q

the “fairness doctrine” was the legal principle or catalyst used to get cigarette advertising off television. it means that if a station broadcasts one side of controversial issue of public importance, the station must provide some time, not necessarily equal time, of the opposing view. this happened in june 1967, did the committee spend a lot of time discussing the proposal?

A

no, decision made during a coffee break

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29
Q

what was the result of the “fairness doctrine” decision? what did television stations have to air

A

people had to airing-smoking ads they aired at night after everyone is asleep then they said every 3 tobacco ads an anti ad had to be aired in the same time period

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30
Q

the battle was between broadcasters and cigarette advertisers- who wanted cigarette ads to continue and who wanted them to stop?

A

broadcasters wanted to continue and cigarette advertisers wanted out because they were losing too much money, too hostile an environment- voluntarily withdraw

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31
Q

they 1969 cigarette act banned cigarette ads on january 2, 1971. congress left the tobacco industry alone until 1984 and they were asked to

A

strengthen warning labels- asked to ban all tobacco ads

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32
Q

stoping smoking requires

A

knowledge, recognition, familiarity, belief, certainty

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33
Q

quitting

A

most want to quit= 80% at on time

cessation programs= 75% failure rate

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34
Q

cessation techniques and programs

A

past 90% of former smokers report they quit on there own
now combination of nicotine replacement and anti depressant meds
other factors increased cigarette taxes and social support- friends, family, co-workers, health car provider
-nicotine fading
-adverse techniques (things that make negative association)
-hypnosis and acupuncture
-relaxation training
-contigency contracting
-nicotine-containing products
-cessation aids (medications/candy/gum)
-church- based programs
-voluntary health agency programs

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35
Q

young adults (18-234) likely ways of dying

A

chances of dying now-relativly low
more likely to die of an injury
injuries=leading cause of death
injuries= 5th leading cause of death among all age groups
cause pain and suffering= victim and friends/family

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36
Q

geting real about preventing deaths

A

risk=behavior and environment
cannot eliminate all injuries
individuals and society= take steps to reduce # and seriousness of injury

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37
Q

death by the numbers

A

75% of deaths among americans 14-24 caused by unintentional injuries, homicides, and suicides
motor vehicle crashes kill more college age persons than all others combined

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38
Q

Why do accidents happen?

A 
age/developmental phase
alcohol/other psychoactive drugs
stress
situational factors
thrill seeking
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39
Q

accident causes- age/developmental phase

A

leading cause of death among young people- more willing to take risks
fatal accident victims= often males in teens and 20s
some believe they are invulnerable

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40
Q

accident causes- alcohol/other psychoactive drugs

A

40% involved in an alcohol- related accident in lifetime

alcohol=25% of fatal motor vehicle accidents and half of fatal motorcycle crashed

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41
Q

accident causes- stress

A

tense and anxious= we pay less attention
series of mishaps and near misses, then to your lower your stress level
distracted=hard to focus

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42
Q

accident causes- situational factors

A 
road conditions, car maintenance
weather conditions
unlocked doors
lack of lighting
lower risk when possible
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43
Q

injury definition

A

caused by the transfer of energy to tissue; results form exposure for energy:
thermal, mechanical (i.g. a gun), electrical, chemical

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44
Q

intentional injuries

A

injuries that are purposely committed by a person

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45
Q

unintentional injuries

A

injuries that have occurred without anyone intending that had be done
(car crashes, residential injures, recreational injuries)

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46
Q

factors contributing to motor vehicle accidents

A
  • distracted driving
  • impaired driving
  • speeding
  • vehicle safety issues
  • driver age
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47
Q

safety at home

A

poisoning, falls, fire

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48
Q

injuries

A 
understandable, predictable, preventable, not an accident
course following unplanned events
preceded by an unsafe act or condition
accompanied by economic loss
interrupt efficient completion of tasks
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49
Q

3 Es of injury prevention

A

education, enforcement, engineering,

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50
Q

education (injury prevention)

A

involve the community, not just children or adults
empower
diversity (education and socioeconomic level)

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51
Q

enforcement (injury prevention)

A

advocate for stricter laws

consistent enforcement of current laws

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52
Q

engineering (injury prevention)

A

new safety devices

environment changes- i.e. “complete streets”`

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53
Q

injury prevention strategies

A

primary prevention
-prevent injury by removing the hazards or making it inaccessible so that the injury never occurs
secondary prevention
-reducing injury severity (i.e. using proper first aid)
tertiary prevention
-improving injury outcome after the injury occurs

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54
Q

active vs. passive prevention

A

active
-individuals must do something to prevent themselves
passive
-individual is automatically protected (airbags)

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55
Q

opposition to enhancing safety laws

A

government interfering w/individual rights
insignificant # of deaths or injuries
opposition to age criteria
difficulty or unwillingness to enforce laws
public education instead of passing laws

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56
Q

how old is old

A 
nos data= elderly or seniors are 65+
"young-old" 55-75
"old-old" 75+
75-85- the elderly
85+ the very old or oldest old
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57
Q

gerontology

A

study of aging

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58
Q

chronological age

A

legal reasons

set by arbitrary governmental/legal standards

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59
Q

functional age

A

determined by individual attributes
not consistent with chronological age
varies with environment

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60
Q

aging is

A

developmental
a gift of 20th century science and technology
without a universally accepted theory

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61
Q

biological aging

A

changes in physical appearance

some physical capabilities diminish

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62
Q

pathological aging

A

result of disease

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63
Q

age related physiological changes- the skin

A

wrinkles
loss of fat. padding=temperature regulation
graying/loss of hair

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64
Q

age related physiological changes- skeleton and muscles

A

osteoporosis= loss of bone mass and height, increased risk of fractures
arthritis
decreased in muscle mass

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65
Q

age related physiological changes- the senses

A

impaired hearing/ vision
slower reaction time
no major declines in learning/ memory

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66
Q

age related physiological changes- cardiovascular system

A

decreased in heart muscle strength and cardiac output

blood pressure increases with age

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67
Q

three types of age bias

A

age restrictiveness
ageism
age distortion

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68
Q

age restrictiveness

A

set limits on someone else’s behavior based of your expectations
“act your age”

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69
Q

ageism

A

holding a negative attitude towards aging ant the age

can appeal to any age group

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70
Q

age distortion

A

distorting your perceptions based on your exception

atribute being forgetful to age

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71
Q

research on aging attitudes

A

by 5 or 6 children already have negative attitude regarding aging
age group with least negative attitudes towards aging-adolescents

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72
Q

demographics

A

1900-1 in 25 were 65+ (4%)
200- 1 in 8 were 65+ (12%)
2030- 1 in 5 will be 65+ (20 %)

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73
Q

aging population key issues

A

retirement costs
health care costs
politics
anti-aging gimmicks

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74
Q

seniors 65+ Years

A

use 29% of all money spent on medical care

see a physician 8 times a year general population only sees them 5 times

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75
Q

Keys to living long and well

A 
exercise regularly
hobbies
reach out to others
move-get off the couch
manage health conditions
mingle= engaged with family, friends, and community
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76
Q

thanatology

A

study of death and dying

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77
Q

mortality: past vs. present

A

increased life expectancy
past vs. present cause of death infection vs. chronic diseases
concentration of death among elderly
illusion of control over death
we fell it is unjust if you die before a certain age

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78
Q

how we learn about death

A

1st= physical/ concrete; older= abstract concepts
move through stages @ different rates
sequence rather than age is important
predictable stages

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79
Q

learning about death stage one (less than age 3)

A

had to study- limited verbal skills

may experience feelings of grief, even if they can’t express it

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80
Q

learning about death stage two (age 3-5)

A

time- view death as temporary
egocentrism- may disregard death
animism- don’t understand full meaning of death (don’t understand what is living and what isn’t)
magical thinking= see death as reversible and avoidable

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81
Q

learning about death stage three (age 6-8)

A

major transition
beginning= death is final and inevitable
end=death is personal
lots of questions

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82
Q

learning about death stage four (age 9 and over)

A

age 9-10= adult like understanding of death
need help dealing with emotions
final, inevitable, personal
abstract ideals “lie on in our memories”

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83
Q

bereavement

A

state of having sustained a loss

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84
Q

grief

A

reaction to the loss
emotional feelings that people experience after the death of a friend/ relative
ex; preoccupation with the image of the deceased, guilt, disruption in daily schedule delayed grief is a typical reaction

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85
Q

mourning

A

culturally patterned manner by which grief is managed

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86
Q

stages of dying (cobbler-ross 1969)

A

emotional reaction of dying people
each person is unique= some may skip stages or revisit some stages
family and friends may go through similar stages
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

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87
Q

denial

A

disbelief
refuse to believe that they will die
temporary defence mechanism

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88
Q

anger

A

feel they have “been cheated”
“not fair”
patient can vent fears and frustrations and anxieties
may direct anger at relatives, friends and physicians

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89
Q

bargaining

A

strike bargains with God or a church leader
some have religious conversions
“buy time”

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90
Q

depression

A

grieving for their own death
withdraw from family and friends
periods of silence/crying

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91
Q

acceptance

A 
fully realize they are going to die
sense of peace
void of feeling
calm-introspective
may prefer to be left alone or with family and friends
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92
Q

hospice care

A

terminally ill patients and family
return to the experience of death at home
primary goal= control of pain and death with dignity

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93
Q

what does death look like

A 
decrease in food and fluid intake
changes in breathing patterns
skin cools
moaning
decreased orientation
restlessness
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94
Q

dealing with death

A

part of the human experience
life skill
each person is unique

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95
Q

informed consumers

A 
makes good decisions 
seeks trustworthy sources of info
des not accept everything as truth
selects products/services with care
speakers out end fraud is identified
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96
Q

keys to wise shopping

A 
decide what you need, make a list
set and follow a budget
comparison shop
consider store brands and coupons
be aware of advertisement and impulse shopping
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97
Q

before buying, consider const and

A 
why- needs vs. wants
what- quality vs. quantity
when- now vs. later
where- type of store, location
how- cash vs. credit
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98
Q

budgeting

A

plan- guidelines for use of money
list expenses and income
obligations and responsibilities, needs and wants, personal priorities
easier to save, use money for things you truly want, “rainy day” fund
get bank account and debit card= learn how to use and balance your account
plan ahead for future expenses (both long term and short tern)
avoid buying on credit
make your money work for you

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99
Q

income

A

ID income sources
ID regular and sporadic
calculate average income/ week or month

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100
Q

expenses

A
  1. ID your expenses
  2. essential and optional
  3. consistent vs. variable
  4. estimate average spent/week or month
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101
Q

compare income to expenses

A

determine whether to cut back, how much to save, if you need to earn more money, etc.

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102
Q

financial “orientation”

A

spenders, savers, sharers
we all have a primary, secondary, minor some may favor 2 of the 3 or have a good balance
spenders- live well, but may send more than they have
savers- have money for later, but do not allow themselves to live
shares- help others out, but may be taken advantage of

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103
Q

money

A 
is finite/limited resources (for most of us)
avoid deprivation and waste
goals- short term and long term
health care costs= increasing
healthy=wealthy
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104
Q

why do we see health care providers

A

diagnosis, treatment, screening, consultation, prevention

105
Q

informed self care

A 
3 main skills
-observe and assess
-seek professional advice vs. self- treat
-safely self-treat
know your:
previous history
nature of symptoms
106
Q

symptoms

A

our body letting us know something is wrong

107
Q

benefits of self care

A

reduce health care costs
provide effective care for particular conditions
free physicians to spend time with others
increase interest in health related activities

108
Q

knowing when to visit your physician

A 
2 types of mistakes
-rush to doctor
-avoid seeking medical care
see one if symptoms are:
severe, unusual, persistant, recurrent
109
Q

overall

A

informed consumer

communication with health care professionals (physicians, pharmacist, nurse)

110
Q

over the counter drug

A

considered relatively safe
temporary use
relieve minor symptoms

111
Q

prescription drugs

A

physician supervision
more powerful
adverse side affects
dispensed by pharmacists

112
Q

drug regulation laws

A

federal food, drug, and cosmetic act 1939- provide safety of medication
durham-humphrey amendment 1951-criteria for OTC and Rx drugs
-OTC
-must be non habit forming
-no harmful side effects when used according to directions
-did not require professional expertise to be used
kefaurer-harris amendment 1962- required both safety and effectiveness before a drug could be marketed; required specific info on drug labels
orphan drug law- financial incentives for drugs for rare diseases
Rx drug user free act 1992- decreases drug approval time= charge money for additional reviewers
dietary supplement health and education act 1994- regulated by FDA as a food; sold in US before 1994, assumed to be safe new (after 1994) must prove safety
-results- no pre marketing evidence of safety and effectiveness, more money spent on supplements, some say more regulation is needed

113
Q

drug approval process- U.S

A

preclinical R and D, phase1, phase 2, phase 3, and phase 4

114
Q

preclinical R and D

A

research and development (R and D)
exception= terminal illness/orphan drugs
ID compound= curative/preventative potential
conduct initial studies
submit investigational new drug (IND) application to FDA

115
Q

phase 1

A

initial clinical stage
human experimental trials=determine effectiveness of compound
healthy counter subjects

116
Q

phase 2

A

clinical pharmacological evolution stage
small # of people (100-300)
have conditions possibly treatable by compound
free from complicating conditions(only have that problem)

117
Q

phase 3

A 
extended clinical evaluation stage
-greatly expanded versions of phase 2
studies thousands of people
phase 1-3 may last 2-10 years
on completion of stage 3:
-submit new drug applicant (NDA) to FDA
reviews applicant in 180 days
approve or reject
118
Q

phase 4

A

post marketing surveillance
clinicians report patient experiences with the drug to the FDA
FDA monitors clinical reports of long-term complicaitons

119
Q

drug patents

A

17 years***
decrease approval process time= charge $ for additional reviewers
7 years development
10 years patent protected sales

120
Q

drug names

A

brand names= registered name/trademark
generic name= biological/chemical name
consumer save $ with a generic drug

121
Q

compliance

A

patient’s willingness was ability to take medicament in the prescribed manner

122
Q

intentional noncompliance

A

willful failure to follow physicians directions

123
Q

unintentional noncompliance

A

patient discontinues or alters medication use

124
Q

placebo effect

A

ability of inert materials to preform as if they were medically active

125
Q

what percentage of ball state students have never used alcohol

A

11-20%; perceived use is that 2.4% of students are not using

126
Q

why do people tend to think that more are using alcohol than actually are?

A

reputation of the college

more prevalent- you see it at parties

127
Q

average # of drinks BSU students report drinking

A

6-7 (females 4-5; males 8)

128
Q

men vs. women

A

men naturally drink more
b/c of social expectations that men should drink more and maybe because females fear getting too drunk because they have to walk back
self-report- men could be more willing to admit how much they have drunk
majority say that they drink 8 or fewer

129
Q

standard sizes of drinks

A

1.5 hard liquor
12 oz beer
6 oz wine

130
Q

what students report happening when they drink

A 
forgot where they were/what they did
did something that they regret
unprotected sex
physically injured self
injured others
131
Q

ways to be responsible when drinking

A

alternate non alcoholic beverages with alcoholic ones
eat before and or during drinking. determine set # before hand, pace drinks to one or fewer an hour, use designated drivers

132
Q

physical effects of alcohol

A

BAC- biphasic curve- optimal BAC betwween .05 and .06
figure out how many drinks per hour that means for you
there is an app to calculate your approximate BAC
***drinking more does not help you feel better, too much makes you feel worse

133
Q

systems affected by drinking

A

digestive, cardio vascular, skeletal and muscular, immune, nervous, kidneys

134
Q

effects of alcohol on the brain

A

cerebral cortex- poor judgement, lowered inhibitions, blunted senses
limbic system- memory loss and exaggerated emotions
cerebellum- coordination, reflexes
hypothalamus and pituitary gland- sexual desire and arousal (increased desire, but decreased performance ability)
medulla- automatic functions, increased drowsiness

135
Q

long-term effects of drinking

A

liver damage, increased risk of cancer,
korsakoff’s syndrome-
-thiamine deficiency, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, most likely to affect episodic memories, confabulation- invented memories taken as true in spot of memories that are lost, meager content in conversation, lack of insight, apathy, aren’t aware of the symptoms

136
Q

alcohol poisoning

A

vomit, lured speech, mental confusion, stupor, coma, shallow/ short breath, black out, pale, clammy bluish skin, seizers, does not respond to pinch or poke, hypothermia

137
Q

what to do if someone has alcohol poisoning

A

roll on side (bacchus maneuver), try to wake up, continue to monitor, cover only with a sheet, do not give cold shower, do not give food or drink, call 911
don’t forget about the life line law and good neighbor policy through Ball State

138
Q

% crashes caused by drunk driving

A

31%

139
Q

1 threat to children

A

school shootings

140
Q

drug use according to Dr. turner

A

downward trend in last 30 years (can fluctuate with gas prices)
can die on an overdose
drugs attach to fat instead of water like alcohol, so it could be present in the brain where there is a lot of fatty tissue, but not show up in the blood
depressants don’t allow your eyes to keep up with a finger
some drugs don’t let you cross eyes
others don’t let your eyes dilate right

141
Q

why are drunks dangerous

A

lowers inhibition and increased risk taking
slow perception to reaction time
impairs ability to divide attention
alcohol allows you to be stupid
can’t control both speed and lane control at once
you make a quarter million decisions on a trip to the store, but you can’t do all this multitasking when drunk

142
Q

adult reaction time

A

1 sec to 1.5 sec

143
Q

alcohol use according to Dr. Turner

A

you get stuck at the age that you start drinking
96X less likely to have a drinking problem if you start drinking after 21
originally used as an antiseptic and a food

144
Q

making alcohol

A 
since 10,000 BC
fermentation
-unsure of first discovery
-yeast, sugar source
distillation
boille fermented beverage
throughout world
proof to percent
as yeast eats sugar, yeast wast is alcohol 12-14% naturally occurs
145
Q

absorption of alcohol in the stomach

A

getting the ethanol out of the stomach and into the blood
-20% absorbed in stomach
chime in the stomach
-45-2h
80% absorbed past pylorus
get drunk faster on an empty stomach
when you drink past what your brain can handle, your pylorus shuts off and you puke

146
Q

what is a drug

A

anything on controlled substance act
schedule 1- no medical use, high abuse (marijuana not considered to have a medical use)
schedule 2- medical use, but addictive
schedule 3
schedule 4- over the counter
schedule 5- you can get
*any substance which, when taken into the human body, can impair the ability of a person to properly operate a motor vehicle
drugs do not cause your body to do anything that it couldn’t do on it’s own, just enhanced those factors

147
Q

12 step process for police testing someone suspected to be on drugs

A 
breath test
interview of officer
preliminary exam, 1st pulse
eye examination
divided attention test (balance)
vital signs, second pulse
dark room exam (pupil sizes)
muscle tone, 3rd pulse
injection sites
suspect statements
opinion of evaluator
toxicology verification
*trying to rule out medical conditions, alcohol, the drugs
94-94% correct identification rate
148
Q

depressants

A

drunken behavior and appearance, uncoordinated

149
Q

stimulants

A

in constant movement, restless, talkative, euphoria, redness to nasal area, runny nose, body tremors
ex. cocaine, amphetamines

150
Q

methamphetamine

A

extremely addictive

151
Q

hallucinogens

A

confuse the senses
ex. LSD, MDMA, MDA
naturally occurring too
“seeing sounds, hearing colors”

152
Q

dissociative anesthetics

A

delusions- think you are something that you’re not
“super strength”
blake stare, drooling, naked, warm to touch

153
Q

narcotic analgesics

A 
codine, morphine
on the nod
droopy eyelids
depressed reflexes
dry mouth
low raspy speech
154
Q

inhalants

A

aerosols
shutting off oxygen to brain
severe headaches
slurred speech, disorientation, confusion

155
Q

4 gateway drugs

A

marijuana, tobacco, alcohol, inhalants

156
Q

cannabis

A

marijuana marinol (medical marijuana)
interferes with short and long term memory
emotional addictions
different than alcohol
edibles are dangerous, because it takes so much longer to start feeling the effects so people eat more
marijuana is #2 cause of ER visits (#1 is cocaine)
very blood shot eyes

157
Q

poly drug use

A

using drugs at the same time, use1 drug to increase effects of the other drug

158
Q

cancer

A

disease group characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
lage portion is preventable (like ones caused by tobacco use)
formed from stem cells that grow wrong
don’t stop growing

159
Q

metastasis

A

cells that travel to another region often form tumors are removed from the original tumor called this

160
Q

damaged DNA

A

cancer develops when DNA is damaged
normal cels die or become repaired if DNA is damaged
cancer cells with damaged DNA
caused by inheritance, environment, or lifestyle choices

161
Q

DNA repair genes

A

involved in fixing damaged DNA. cells with mutations in these genes tend to develop additional mutations in other genes. Together, these mutations may cause the cells to become cancerous

162
Q

cancer classifications

A

cancers are classified in two ways: by the type of tissue in which the cancer originates (histological type) and by primary site, or the location in the body where the cancer first develops

163
Q

carinoma

A

malignancy of epithelial origin o the internal or external lining of the body. most common type of cancer accounting for 80-90% of cases

164
Q

Sarcoma

A

malignancy originating in supporting or connective tissue (bone, cartilage, tendons, muscle and fat.

165
Q

Myeloma

A

malignancy originating in the plasma cells of the bone marrow

166
Q

Leukemia

A

malignancy of the bone marrow.

167
Q

Lymphoma

A

malignancy that develops in the glands or nodes of the lymphatic system.

168
Q

Stage 0

A

Carcinoma in situ

169
Q

Stage I, Stage II, and Stage III

A

Higher numbers indicate more extensive disease: Larger tumor size and/or spread of the cancer beyond the organ in which it first developed to nearby lymph nodes and/or tissues or organs adjacent to the location of the primary tumor

170
Q

Stage IV

A

The cancer has spread to distant tissues or organs

171
Q

treatment for cancer

A 
Surgery 
Chemotherapy 
Hormone Therapy
Radiation Therapy 
Targeted Therapy
Clinical Trials
172
Q

surgery

A

only definitive way to know is to see an actual cell

173
Q

chemotherapy

A 
Chemotherapy is the use of medicines or drugs to treat a disease, such as cancer. Many times this treatment is just called chemo. Surgery and radiation therapy remove, kill, or damage cancer cells in a certain area, but chemo can work throughout the whole body. Chemo can kill cancer cells that have metastasized or spread to parts of the body far away from the primary (original) tumor. 
Chemotherapy also affects normal cells of the bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, hair follicles and some reproductive organ cells.
side effects:
Bone Marrow Suppression
Gastrointestinal Tract
Hair Follicles
Fertility 
 Mouth sores
#1 is fatigue
174
Q

can cancer be prevented?

A

All cancers caused by tobacco use and heavy alcohol consumption could be prevented completely.
physical inactivity, and/or poor nutrition, and thus could also be prevented
Certain cancers are related to infectious agents

175
Q

cancer an genetics

A

Sometimes, certain types of cancer seem to run in some families.
hereditary cancer:
not common
mutation is inherited and found in all cells

176
Q

prevention of cancer

A

Maintain a desirable body wt.
Eat a healthy diet
Include fruit, vegetables, grains
Eat HIGH fiber foods
Limit alcohol – Do NOT smoke or use tobacco products
Limit salt cured, smoked, & nitrite preserved foods
Exercise 5 times/week

177
Q

STI

A

over 1/2 of the cases of STI are in people 15-24

can lead to disease and cancer

178
Q

3 most common STIs

A

genital warts (HPV)
chlamydia
genital herpes
*at BSU chlamydia

179
Q

average sexual partners in a year at Ball State

A

males-3 females-2

180
Q

If you do NOT use a method of contraception, what is your your chance of getting pregnant during one year of sexual intercourse?

A

85%

181
Q

contraceptives

A

not the same as protecting against STIs

smoking could affect it

182
Q

hormonal contraceptives

A

may increase risk of cancer

183
Q

patch

A

increase risk of blood clots

184
Q

estrogen

A

increases occurrence of breast cancer

185
Q

epidemic

A

a highly significant increase in the number of cases of an infectious illness existing within the same time period in a given geographical area

186
Q

pandemic

A

an epidemic that has crossed national boundaries, thus achieving regional or international status

187
Q

pathogen

A

a disease-causeing agent

188
Q

agent

A

the casual pathogen of a particular disease

189
Q

virulent

A

capable of causing disease

190
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

immunity provided principally by the immune system’s T cells, both working alone and in combination with highly specialized B cells

191
Q

humoral immunity

A

immunity responsible for the production of critically important immune system elements know as antibodies

192
Q

acquired immunity

A

a form of immunity resulting form exposure to foreign protein

193
Q

naturally acquired immunity

A

a form of immunity resulting from the body’s response to naturally occurring pathogens

194
Q

artificially acquired immunity

A

a type of acquired immunity resulting f form the body’s response to pathogens introduced into the body through immunizations

195
Q

passively acquired immunity

A

a temporary immunity achieved by providing antibodies to a person exposed to a particular pathogen

196
Q

antibodies

A

chemical compounds produced by the body’s immune system to destroy antigens and their toxins

197
Q

acute rhinitis

A

the common cold; the sudden onset of nasal inflammation

198
Q

mononucleosis

A

“mono” a viral infection characterized by weakness, fatigue, swollen glands, sore throat, and low-grade fever

199
Q

chronic fatigue syndrome

A

an illness that causes severe exhaustion, fatigue, aches and depression; mostly affects women in their 40’s and 50’s

200
Q

lyme disease

A

a bacterial infection transmitted by deer ticks

201
Q

withdrawal

A

an act of contraception in which the erect penis is removed from the vagina before ejaculation

202
Q

diaphram

A

a soft rubber cup designed to cover the cervix

203
Q

intrauterine device

A

a small, plastic. medicated or unmedicated contraceptive device that prevents pregnancy when inserted into the uterus

204
Q

contraindications

A

factors that make the use of a drug inappropriate or dangerous for a particular person

205
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

a pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum implants at a site other than the users, typically in the fallopian tubes

206
Q

allopathy

A

a system of medical practice in which specific remedies (often pharmaceutical agents) are used to produce effects different form those produced by a disease or injury

207
Q

osteopathy

A

a system of medical practice in which allopathic principles are combined with specific attention to postural mechanics of the body

208
Q

homeopathy

A

the use of minute doses of herbs, minerals, or other substances to stimulate healing

209
Q

naturopathy

A

a system of treatment that avoids drugs and surgery and emphasizes the use of natural agents, such as sunshine. to correct underlying imbalances

210
Q

herbalism

A

an ancient form of healing in which herbal preparations are used to treat illness and disease

211
Q

decision making and sexuality

A

choices vs. circumstances beyond our control
short term and long term impact
regrets vs. lost opportunities= progress and move on
your choice of partner= impacts your life
impacts all dimensions of health

212
Q

how do researchers learn about sexuality

A 
surveys and questionnaires
-people may not be truthful, but may report the average
observation
-observing in a lab
experimental manipulation
-same as observe, but you add stimulus
213
Q

dimensions of human sexuality

A

biological
social
psychological
moral

214
Q

biological

A 
reproduction
contraception
pregnancy
sexual response *know the 4 stages in the book
growth and development
215
Q

social

A 
history
dating
marriage
legality
advertising
relationships
216
Q

psychological

A

learned behavior
attitudes
education
expression

217
Q

moral

A 
behavior
religion
ethics- right or wrong?
feelings
yes or no
218
Q

intimacy

A

state of closeness between people characterized by the desire and ability to share one’s most inner most feelings with each other

219
Q

jo-hari window

A

has for sections
labeled me- do know/ don’t know
and others do know and don’t know
feedback from others help increase what you know about your unknown self

220
Q

zones of space

A

social distance- 4-7 feet- respectful distance
personal distance- 1-4 feet- shows you are a group without excluding others
intimate distance- a foot or less- shows people that you are together- tends to exclude everyone else

221
Q

dating patterns

A

preadolescence- “girl or boy germs”
early adolescence- more interaction
middle adolescence- mixed groups (males and females)
late adolescence- individual dating

222
Q

functions of dating

A 
achieving status
learn more about other people
learn more about your own personality and needs
evaluation relationships
clarify values
experiment with sexual behavior
223
Q

3 components of love

A

attachment- physical, emotional
caring
intimacy

224
Q

2 kinds of love

A 
passionate-romantic love (the immediate infatuation)
companionate love (more like long term friendship)
225
Q

immature vs. mature love

A

mature- positive, happy feelings associated with it
immature- you feel like you are in a controlling relationship, not really happy
is it helping you feel happier and be a better person

226
Q

stern berg’s love triangle

A

make 8 different types of relationships

intimacy, passion, commitment

227
Q

non-love

A

absence of intimacy, passion, or commitment

228
Q

liking

A

intimacy

229
Q

empty love

A

commitment

230
Q

infatuation

A

passion

231
Q

fatuous love

A

passion and commitment “Hollywood love”

may not know them very well-rush in to it

232
Q

companionate love

A

intimacy and commitment (best friend)

233
Q

romantic love

A

intimacy and passion

234
Q

consummate love

A

intimacy and passion and commitment

235
Q

traditional marriage

A 
husband- more dominant
traditional gender roles
do not share interest/activities
husband= ultimate authority
wife= housework/children
236
Q

modern marriage

A

husbands are less dominant
couple states they are equal, but has places where they tend to be more powerful
modified traditional gender roles
stress compatibility and spend time together

237
Q

egalitarian marriage

A

both partners power equality
best seen as an ideal
highest levels of marital satisfaction

238
Q

conflict-habituated marriage

A

tension and verbal battles
keep couple together
freedom to express resentment
come together in crisis

239
Q

devitalized marriage

A 
opposite of conflict-habitual marriage
after marriage is well- established
romance had faded
tolerant acceptance of spouse
"habit cage"- binding terms of marriage contract
240
Q

4 stages of sexual response

A

excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution

241
Q

excitement stage

A

initial arousal stage of the sexual response pattern

242
Q

plateau stage

A

second stage of the sexual response patter; a leveling off of arousal immediately before orgasm

243
Q

orgasmic stage

A

third stage of the sexual response pattern; the stage during which neuromuscular tension is released

244
Q

resolution stage

A

fourth stage of the sexual response pattern; the return of the body to a pre excitement state

245
Q

passive-congnial

A

common internship hold marriage together
begin with premise that marriage is going to be unexciting
peace and orderliness is emphasized
prees couple to pursue interests

246
Q

vital marriage

A

dedicated to work and children
excitement= shared experiences
prefer to do things together
disagreement= over substantial issues not brought up again

247
Q

total marriage

A

complete meshing of personalities and interest
shared experiences out numbered separate ones
conflicts settled as they arise
mutual supportiveness

248
Q

successful marriage/long-term relationship

A 
ability to change
ability to live with the unchangeable 
assumption of permanence
trust
balance of dependence
enjoyment of each other
shared history that is cherished
luck
249
Q

10 most important things in a long term relationship

A 
love
laughter
talk
involvement
friendships
integrity
tolerance
adaption
sex
sharing
250
Q

issues of fertility

A 
sex drive=powerful
communication= very important
discuss contraception with partner
use contraception= more reasonable
85% of women will be pregnant in 1 year with no contraception
251
Q

fertility

A

ability to reproduce

252
Q

birth control

A

prevents the birth of a child

253
Q

contraception

A

prevents fertilization
effectiveness
-theoretical- used correctly overtype (lager %)
-use= used by general public (smaller %)

254
Q

12 month pregnancy

A

idea every pregnancy is planned/ wanted there is preparation

  • pre conceptional/prenatal care
    - planned pregnancy= optimal health for mother an baby
255
Q

teratogen

A

any substance which causes harm to unborn baby
-alcohol, tobacco, other drugs
4 factors
-timing (1st trimester is most critical for growth)
-dosage; more= more harm
substance

256
Q

signs of pregnancy presumptive signs

A

missed menstrual periods
nausea
brest changes
fatigue

257
Q

probable signs of pregnancy

A

increased frequency of urination
increased size of abdomen
softer cervix (by 6th week)
positive pregnancy test

258
Q

positive signs of pregnancy

A

fetal heart beat
moving fetus (quickening)
ultrasound observations

259
Q

medical diagnosis of pregnancy

A

documenting pregnancy symptoms
test for human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in urine
pelvic exam

Health Science (10 decks)

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