Unit 3 Flashcards
percent of the adults smokers in 2013
18% national
21.9% indiana
numbers came from the centers for disease control
smoking is
the chief preventable cause of death in the US
nearly everyone knows smoking is harmful
why do 20% of US adults smoke?
social acceptability ignorance advertising relaxation handling instruments (having something to do with their hands) oral gratification decreases tension, anxiety, anger weight control family/friends smoke stimulation and increased energy habit does not impair performance like other drugs harmful effects then not to occur until it has been used for years
1 reason people smoke cigarettes
nicotine is an addictive drug
not all smokers become addicted
nicotine addiction= very powerful
affects 80-90% of smokers
how nicotine causes addiction
strong sensation of pleasure
lack of it causes discomfort (withdrawal)
stimulation craving long after withdrawal
symptoms disappear
major components of tobacco
nicotine
carbon monoxide
tar
nicotine
*psychoactive drug can cause physical dependence stimulant and depressant properties takes 7.5 seconds to reach the brain *does what the smoker needs- a stimulant and depressant helps with simple repetitive tasks
carbon monoxide
*most abundant gas in tobacco smoke
oxygen displacer- interfere with blood’s ability to carry oxygen
*smokers are “out of breath”
Tar
sticky, dark mixture
total of all solid material that is inhaled
irritate the respiratory tract (smokers cough)
Surgeon General’s Report (1964)
increases overall mortality among men
causes lung cancer
causes chronic bronchites
smoking= habitually (not additive)
surgeon General’s report (1989)
increases mortality and morbidity in men and women
casual association between many diseases
smoking=addiction
master settlement agreement (1999)
class action suit filed by all 50 states
recoup Medicaid $ for tobacco related costs
tobacco industry pay $246 billion
use $ for cessation and prevention efforts
cigarette smoking increases risk
heart disease
cancer
lung diseases
After you stop your body can restore itself
amount of deaths related to smoking in the US
1 in 5
lung cancer
risk= proportional to smoking amount and duration
rare in nonsmokers
former smokers reduce risk of lung cancer significantly (vs. when they were smoking)
effects on nonsmokers
involuntary/passive smoking
mainstream smoke
side stream smoke
involuntary/passive smoking
inhalation of air containing tobacco smoke by nonsmokers
mainstream smoke
smoke inhaled and then exhaled by smoker
sidestream smoke
smoke from burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar
environmental tobacco smoke
tobacco smoke, regardless of its source, that stays within a common source of air
health concerns- passive/involuntary smoking
side stream smoke=85% of harmful substances
not filtered; more CO, CO2 and nicotine
some experts- smokers and nonsmokers exposed to same smoke
insufficient ventilation
eye irritation, nasal systems, headaches, cough, dislike oder
smoking regulations
restructions/bans
u.s. airline industry
children= increased risk for bronchitis, pneumonia, coughing, ear infections
partners/roommates= increased risk for heart attacks, cancer
e-cigarettes
no tobacco or smoke synthetic nicotine- higher than cigarettes sold to children FDA= potentially harmful- not sure banned on airplanes
nicotine withdrawal
symptoms=anxiety, irritability, anger, increased appetite, urges to smoke
W/D peaks 1st 1-2 days
longterm abstinence= enhanced self-esteem and increased sense of control
what american president was asked in the early 1960’s if smoking was safe
John F. Kennedy
anti-smoking announcements started airing in 1962. describe one example of an anti-smoking public service announcement.
2 children imitating their parents- realize smoking works the same way
Luther Terry, MD, Surgeon General, released the first government report on smoking and health in 1964. why was it such an important event?
it was the first time smoking was said to have a dramatic effect on health- hit tobacco companies hard- started center studies by Tobacco company
the “fairness doctrine” was the legal principle or catalyst used to get cigarette advertising off television. it means that if a station broadcasts one side of controversial issue of public importance, the station must provide some time, not necessarily equal time, of the opposing view. this happened in june 1967, did the committee spend a lot of time discussing the proposal?
no, decision made during a coffee break
what was the result of the “fairness doctrine” decision? what did television stations have to air
people had to airing-smoking ads they aired at night after everyone is asleep then they said every 3 tobacco ads an anti ad had to be aired in the same time period
the battle was between broadcasters and cigarette advertisers- who wanted cigarette ads to continue and who wanted them to stop?
broadcasters wanted to continue and cigarette advertisers wanted out because they were losing too much money, too hostile an environment- voluntarily withdraw
they 1969 cigarette act banned cigarette ads on january 2, 1971. congress left the tobacco industry alone until 1984 and they were asked to
strengthen warning labels- asked to ban all tobacco ads
stoping smoking requires
knowledge, recognition, familiarity, belief, certainty
quitting
most want to quit= 80% at on time
cessation programs= 75% failure rate
cessation techniques and programs
past 90% of former smokers report they quit on there own
now combination of nicotine replacement and anti depressant meds
other factors increased cigarette taxes and social support- friends, family, co-workers, health car provider
-nicotine fading
-adverse techniques (things that make negative association)
-hypnosis and acupuncture
-relaxation training
-contigency contracting
-nicotine-containing products
-cessation aids (medications/candy/gum)
-church- based programs
-voluntary health agency programs
young adults (18-234) likely ways of dying
chances of dying now-relativly low
more likely to die of an injury
injuries=leading cause of death
injuries= 5th leading cause of death among all age groups
cause pain and suffering= victim and friends/family
geting real about preventing deaths
risk=behavior and environment
cannot eliminate all injuries
individuals and society= take steps to reduce # and seriousness of injury
death by the numbers
75% of deaths among americans 14-24 caused by unintentional injuries, homicides, and suicides
motor vehicle crashes kill more college age persons than all others combined
Why do accidents happen?
age/developmental phase alcohol/other psychoactive drugs stress situational factors thrill seeking
accident causes- age/developmental phase
leading cause of death among young people- more willing to take risks
fatal accident victims= often males in teens and 20s
some believe they are invulnerable
accident causes- alcohol/other psychoactive drugs
40% involved in an alcohol- related accident in lifetime
alcohol=25% of fatal motor vehicle accidents and half of fatal motorcycle crashed
accident causes- stress
tense and anxious= we pay less attention
series of mishaps and near misses, then to your lower your stress level
distracted=hard to focus
accident causes- situational factors
road conditions, car maintenance weather conditions unlocked doors lack of lighting lower risk when possible
injury definition
caused by the transfer of energy to tissue; results form exposure for energy:
thermal, mechanical (i.g. a gun), electrical, chemical
intentional injuries
injuries that are purposely committed by a person
unintentional injuries
injuries that have occurred without anyone intending that had be done
(car crashes, residential injures, recreational injuries)
factors contributing to motor vehicle accidents
- distracted driving
- impaired driving
- speeding
- vehicle safety issues
- driver age
safety at home
poisoning, falls, fire
injuries
understandable, predictable, preventable, not an accident course following unplanned events preceded by an unsafe act or condition accompanied by economic loss interrupt efficient completion of tasks
3 Es of injury prevention
education, enforcement, engineering,
education (injury prevention)
involve the community, not just children or adults
empower
diversity (education and socioeconomic level)
enforcement (injury prevention)
advocate for stricter laws
consistent enforcement of current laws
engineering (injury prevention)
new safety devices
environment changes- i.e. “complete streets”`
injury prevention strategies
primary prevention
-prevent injury by removing the hazards or making it inaccessible so that the injury never occurs
secondary prevention
-reducing injury severity (i.e. using proper first aid)
tertiary prevention
-improving injury outcome after the injury occurs
active vs. passive prevention
active
-individuals must do something to prevent themselves
passive
-individual is automatically protected (airbags)
opposition to enhancing safety laws
government interfering w/individual rights
insignificant # of deaths or injuries
opposition to age criteria
difficulty or unwillingness to enforce laws
public education instead of passing laws
how old is old
nos data= elderly or seniors are 65+ "young-old" 55-75 "old-old" 75+ 75-85- the elderly 85+ the very old or oldest old
gerontology
study of aging
chronological age
legal reasons
set by arbitrary governmental/legal standards
functional age
determined by individual attributes
not consistent with chronological age
varies with environment
aging is
developmental
a gift of 20th century science and technology
without a universally accepted theory
biological aging
changes in physical appearance
some physical capabilities diminish
pathological aging
result of disease
age related physiological changes- the skin
wrinkles
loss of fat. padding=temperature regulation
graying/loss of hair
age related physiological changes- skeleton and muscles
osteoporosis= loss of bone mass and height, increased risk of fractures
arthritis
decreased in muscle mass
age related physiological changes- the senses
impaired hearing/ vision
slower reaction time
no major declines in learning/ memory
age related physiological changes- cardiovascular system
decreased in heart muscle strength and cardiac output
blood pressure increases with age
three types of age bias
age restrictiveness
ageism
age distortion
age restrictiveness
set limits on someone else’s behavior based of your expectations
“act your age”
ageism
holding a negative attitude towards aging ant the age
can appeal to any age group
age distortion
distorting your perceptions based on your exception
atribute being forgetful to age
research on aging attitudes
by 5 or 6 children already have negative attitude regarding aging
age group with least negative attitudes towards aging-adolescents
demographics
1900-1 in 25 were 65+ (4%)
200- 1 in 8 were 65+ (12%)
2030- 1 in 5 will be 65+ (20 %)
aging population key issues
retirement costs
health care costs
politics
anti-aging gimmicks
seniors 65+ Years
use 29% of all money spent on medical care
see a physician 8 times a year general population only sees them 5 times
Keys to living long and well
exercise regularly hobbies reach out to others move-get off the couch manage health conditions mingle= engaged with family, friends, and community
thanatology
study of death and dying
mortality: past vs. present
increased life expectancy
past vs. present cause of death infection vs. chronic diseases
concentration of death among elderly
illusion of control over death
we fell it is unjust if you die before a certain age
how we learn about death
1st= physical/ concrete; older= abstract concepts
move through stages @ different rates
sequence rather than age is important
predictable stages
learning about death stage one (less than age 3)
had to study- limited verbal skills
may experience feelings of grief, even if they can’t express it
learning about death stage two (age 3-5)
time- view death as temporary
egocentrism- may disregard death
animism- don’t understand full meaning of death (don’t understand what is living and what isn’t)
magical thinking= see death as reversible and avoidable
learning about death stage three (age 6-8)
major transition
beginning= death is final and inevitable
end=death is personal
lots of questions
learning about death stage four (age 9 and over)
age 9-10= adult like understanding of death
need help dealing with emotions
final, inevitable, personal
abstract ideals “lie on in our memories”
bereavement
state of having sustained a loss
grief
reaction to the loss
emotional feelings that people experience after the death of a friend/ relative
ex; preoccupation with the image of the deceased, guilt, disruption in daily schedule delayed grief is a typical reaction
mourning
culturally patterned manner by which grief is managed
stages of dying (cobbler-ross 1969)
emotional reaction of dying people
each person is unique= some may skip stages or revisit some stages
family and friends may go through similar stages
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
denial
disbelief
refuse to believe that they will die
temporary defence mechanism
anger
feel they have “been cheated”
“not fair”
patient can vent fears and frustrations and anxieties
may direct anger at relatives, friends and physicians
bargaining
strike bargains with God or a church leader
some have religious conversions
“buy time”
depression
grieving for their own death
withdraw from family and friends
periods of silence/crying
acceptance
fully realize they are going to die sense of peace void of feeling calm-introspective may prefer to be left alone or with family and friends
hospice care
terminally ill patients and family
return to the experience of death at home
primary goal= control of pain and death with dignity
what does death look like
decrease in food and fluid intake changes in breathing patterns skin cools moaning decreased orientation restlessness
dealing with death
part of the human experience
life skill
each person is unique
informed consumers
makes good decisions seeks trustworthy sources of info des not accept everything as truth selects products/services with care speakers out end fraud is identified
keys to wise shopping
decide what you need, make a list set and follow a budget comparison shop consider store brands and coupons be aware of advertisement and impulse shopping
before buying, consider const and
why- needs vs. wants what- quality vs. quantity when- now vs. later where- type of store, location how- cash vs. credit
budgeting
plan- guidelines for use of money
list expenses and income
obligations and responsibilities, needs and wants, personal priorities
easier to save, use money for things you truly want, “rainy day” fund
get bank account and debit card= learn how to use and balance your account
plan ahead for future expenses (both long term and short tern)
avoid buying on credit
make your money work for you
income
ID income sources
ID regular and sporadic
calculate average income/ week or month
expenses
- ID your expenses
- essential and optional
- consistent vs. variable
- estimate average spent/week or month
compare income to expenses
determine whether to cut back, how much to save, if you need to earn more money, etc.
financial “orientation”
spenders, savers, sharers
we all have a primary, secondary, minor some may favor 2 of the 3 or have a good balance
spenders- live well, but may send more than they have
savers- have money for later, but do not allow themselves to live
shares- help others out, but may be taken advantage of
money
is finite/limited resources (for most of us) avoid deprivation and waste goals- short term and long term health care costs= increasing healthy=wealthy
why do we see health care providers
diagnosis, treatment, screening, consultation, prevention
informed self care
3 main skills -observe and assess -seek professional advice vs. self- treat -safely self-treat know your: previous history nature of symptoms
symptoms
our body letting us know something is wrong
benefits of self care
reduce health care costs
provide effective care for particular conditions
free physicians to spend time with others
increase interest in health related activities
knowing when to visit your physician
2 types of mistakes -rush to doctor -avoid seeking medical care see one if symptoms are: severe, unusual, persistant, recurrent
overall
informed consumer
communication with health care professionals (physicians, pharmacist, nurse)
over the counter drug
considered relatively safe
temporary use
relieve minor symptoms
prescription drugs
physician supervision
more powerful
adverse side affects
dispensed by pharmacists
drug regulation laws
federal food, drug, and cosmetic act 1939- provide safety of medication
durham-humphrey amendment 1951-criteria for OTC and Rx drugs
-OTC
-must be non habit forming
-no harmful side effects when used according to directions
-did not require professional expertise to be used
kefaurer-harris amendment 1962- required both safety and effectiveness before a drug could be marketed; required specific info on drug labels
orphan drug law- financial incentives for drugs for rare diseases
Rx drug user free act 1992- decreases drug approval time= charge money for additional reviewers
dietary supplement health and education act 1994- regulated by FDA as a food; sold in US before 1994, assumed to be safe new (after 1994) must prove safety
-results- no pre marketing evidence of safety and effectiveness, more money spent on supplements, some say more regulation is needed
drug approval process- U.S
preclinical R and D, phase1, phase 2, phase 3, and phase 4
preclinical R and D
research and development (R and D)
exception= terminal illness/orphan drugs
ID compound= curative/preventative potential
conduct initial studies
submit investigational new drug (IND) application to FDA
phase 1
initial clinical stage
human experimental trials=determine effectiveness of compound
healthy counter subjects
phase 2
clinical pharmacological evolution stage
small # of people (100-300)
have conditions possibly treatable by compound
free from complicating conditions(only have that problem)
phase 3
extended clinical evaluation stage -greatly expanded versions of phase 2 studies thousands of people phase 1-3 may last 2-10 years on completion of stage 3: -submit new drug applicant (NDA) to FDA reviews applicant in 180 days approve or reject
phase 4
post marketing surveillance
clinicians report patient experiences with the drug to the FDA
FDA monitors clinical reports of long-term complicaitons
drug patents
17 years***
decrease approval process time= charge $ for additional reviewers
7 years development
10 years patent protected sales
drug names
brand names= registered name/trademark
generic name= biological/chemical name
consumer save $ with a generic drug
compliance
patient’s willingness was ability to take medicament in the prescribed manner
intentional noncompliance
willful failure to follow physicians directions
unintentional noncompliance
patient discontinues or alters medication use
placebo effect
ability of inert materials to preform as if they were medically active
what percentage of ball state students have never used alcohol
11-20%; perceived use is that 2.4% of students are not using
why do people tend to think that more are using alcohol than actually are?
reputation of the college
more prevalent- you see it at parties
average # of drinks BSU students report drinking
6-7 (females 4-5; males 8)
men vs. women
men naturally drink more
b/c of social expectations that men should drink more and maybe because females fear getting too drunk because they have to walk back
self-report- men could be more willing to admit how much they have drunk
majority say that they drink 8 or fewer
standard sizes of drinks
1.5 hard liquor
12 oz beer
6 oz wine
what students report happening when they drink
forgot where they were/what they did did something that they regret unprotected sex physically injured self injured others
ways to be responsible when drinking
alternate non alcoholic beverages with alcoholic ones
eat before and or during drinking. determine set # before hand, pace drinks to one or fewer an hour, use designated drivers
physical effects of alcohol
BAC- biphasic curve- optimal BAC betwween .05 and .06
figure out how many drinks per hour that means for you
there is an app to calculate your approximate BAC
***drinking more does not help you feel better, too much makes you feel worse
systems affected by drinking
digestive, cardio vascular, skeletal and muscular, immune, nervous, kidneys
effects of alcohol on the brain
cerebral cortex- poor judgement, lowered inhibitions, blunted senses
limbic system- memory loss and exaggerated emotions
cerebellum- coordination, reflexes
hypothalamus and pituitary gland- sexual desire and arousal (increased desire, but decreased performance ability)
medulla- automatic functions, increased drowsiness
long-term effects of drinking
liver damage, increased risk of cancer,
korsakoff’s syndrome-
-thiamine deficiency, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, most likely to affect episodic memories, confabulation- invented memories taken as true in spot of memories that are lost, meager content in conversation, lack of insight, apathy, aren’t aware of the symptoms
alcohol poisoning
vomit, lured speech, mental confusion, stupor, coma, shallow/ short breath, black out, pale, clammy bluish skin, seizers, does not respond to pinch or poke, hypothermia
what to do if someone has alcohol poisoning
roll on side (bacchus maneuver), try to wake up, continue to monitor, cover only with a sheet, do not give cold shower, do not give food or drink, call 911
don’t forget about the life line law and good neighbor policy through Ball State
% crashes caused by drunk driving
31%
1 threat to children
school shootings
drug use according to Dr. turner
downward trend in last 30 years (can fluctuate with gas prices)
can die on an overdose
drugs attach to fat instead of water like alcohol, so it could be present in the brain where there is a lot of fatty tissue, but not show up in the blood
depressants don’t allow your eyes to keep up with a finger
some drugs don’t let you cross eyes
others don’t let your eyes dilate right
why are drunks dangerous
lowers inhibition and increased risk taking
slow perception to reaction time
impairs ability to divide attention
alcohol allows you to be stupid
can’t control both speed and lane control at once
you make a quarter million decisions on a trip to the store, but you can’t do all this multitasking when drunk
adult reaction time
1 sec to 1.5 sec
alcohol use according to Dr. Turner
you get stuck at the age that you start drinking
96X less likely to have a drinking problem if you start drinking after 21
originally used as an antiseptic and a food
making alcohol
since 10,000 BC fermentation -unsure of first discovery -yeast, sugar source distillation boille fermented beverage throughout world proof to percent as yeast eats sugar, yeast wast is alcohol 12-14% naturally occurs
absorption of alcohol in the stomach
getting the ethanol out of the stomach and into the blood
-20% absorbed in stomach
chime in the stomach
-45-2h
80% absorbed past pylorus
get drunk faster on an empty stomach
when you drink past what your brain can handle, your pylorus shuts off and you puke
what is a drug
anything on controlled substance act
schedule 1- no medical use, high abuse (marijuana not considered to have a medical use)
schedule 2- medical use, but addictive
schedule 3
schedule 4- over the counter
schedule 5- you can get
*any substance which, when taken into the human body, can impair the ability of a person to properly operate a motor vehicle
drugs do not cause your body to do anything that it couldn’t do on it’s own, just enhanced those factors
12 step process for police testing someone suspected to be on drugs
breath test interview of officer preliminary exam, 1st pulse eye examination divided attention test (balance) vital signs, second pulse dark room exam (pupil sizes) muscle tone, 3rd pulse injection sites suspect statements opinion of evaluator toxicology verification *trying to rule out medical conditions, alcohol, the drugs 94-94% correct identification rate
depressants
drunken behavior and appearance, uncoordinated
stimulants
in constant movement, restless, talkative, euphoria, redness to nasal area, runny nose, body tremors
ex. cocaine, amphetamines
methamphetamine
extremely addictive
hallucinogens
confuse the senses
ex. LSD, MDMA, MDA
naturally occurring too
“seeing sounds, hearing colors”
dissociative anesthetics
delusions- think you are something that you’re not
“super strength”
blake stare, drooling, naked, warm to touch
narcotic analgesics
codine, morphine on the nod droopy eyelids depressed reflexes dry mouth low raspy speech
inhalants
aerosols
shutting off oxygen to brain
severe headaches
slurred speech, disorientation, confusion
4 gateway drugs
marijuana, tobacco, alcohol, inhalants
cannabis
marijuana marinol (medical marijuana)
interferes with short and long term memory
emotional addictions
different than alcohol
edibles are dangerous, because it takes so much longer to start feeling the effects so people eat more
marijuana is #2 cause of ER visits (#1 is cocaine)
very blood shot eyes
poly drug use
using drugs at the same time, use1 drug to increase effects of the other drug
cancer
disease group characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
lage portion is preventable (like ones caused by tobacco use)
formed from stem cells that grow wrong
don’t stop growing
metastasis
cells that travel to another region often form tumors are removed from the original tumor called this
damaged DNA
cancer develops when DNA is damaged
normal cels die or become repaired if DNA is damaged
cancer cells with damaged DNA
caused by inheritance, environment, or lifestyle choices
DNA repair genes
involved in fixing damaged DNA. cells with mutations in these genes tend to develop additional mutations in other genes. Together, these mutations may cause the cells to become cancerous
cancer classifications
cancers are classified in two ways: by the type of tissue in which the cancer originates (histological type) and by primary site, or the location in the body where the cancer first develops
carinoma
malignancy of epithelial origin o the internal or external lining of the body. most common type of cancer accounting for 80-90% of cases
Sarcoma
malignancy originating in supporting or connective tissue (bone, cartilage, tendons, muscle and fat.
Myeloma
malignancy originating in the plasma cells of the bone marrow
Leukemia
malignancy of the bone marrow.
Lymphoma
malignancy that develops in the glands or nodes of the lymphatic system.
Stage 0
Carcinoma in situ
Stage I, Stage II, and Stage III
Higher numbers indicate more extensive disease: Larger tumor size and/or spread of the cancer beyond the organ in which it first developed to nearby lymph nodes and/or tissues or organs adjacent to the location of the primary tumor
Stage IV
The cancer has spread to distant tissues or organs
treatment for cancer
Surgery Chemotherapy Hormone Therapy Radiation Therapy Targeted Therapy Clinical Trials
surgery
only definitive way to know is to see an actual cell
chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is the use of medicines or drugs to treat a disease, such as cancer. Many times this treatment is just called chemo. Surgery and radiation therapy remove, kill, or damage cancer cells in a certain area, but chemo can work throughout the whole body. Chemo can kill cancer cells that have metastasized or spread to parts of the body far away from the primary (original) tumor. Chemotherapy also affects normal cells of the bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, hair follicles and some reproductive organ cells. side effects: Bone Marrow Suppression Gastrointestinal Tract Hair Follicles Fertility Mouth sores #1 is fatigue
can cancer be prevented?
All cancers caused by tobacco use and heavy alcohol consumption could be prevented completely.
physical inactivity, and/or poor nutrition, and thus could also be prevented
Certain cancers are related to infectious agents
cancer an genetics
Sometimes, certain types of cancer seem to run in some families.
hereditary cancer:
not common
mutation is inherited and found in all cells
prevention of cancer
Maintain a desirable body wt.
Eat a healthy diet
Include fruit, vegetables, grains
Eat HIGH fiber foods
Limit alcohol – Do NOT smoke or use tobacco products
Limit salt cured, smoked, & nitrite preserved foods
Exercise 5 times/week
STI
over 1/2 of the cases of STI are in people 15-24
can lead to disease and cancer
3 most common STIs
genital warts (HPV)
chlamydia
genital herpes
*at BSU chlamydia
average sexual partners in a year at Ball State
males-3 females-2
If you do NOT use a method of contraception, what is your your chance of getting pregnant during one year of sexual intercourse?
85%
contraceptives
not the same as protecting against STIs
smoking could affect it
hormonal contraceptives
may increase risk of cancer
patch
increase risk of blood clots
estrogen
increases occurrence of breast cancer
epidemic
a highly significant increase in the number of cases of an infectious illness existing within the same time period in a given geographical area
pandemic
an epidemic that has crossed national boundaries, thus achieving regional or international status
pathogen
a disease-causeing agent
agent
the casual pathogen of a particular disease
virulent
capable of causing disease
cell-mediated immunity
immunity provided principally by the immune system’s T cells, both working alone and in combination with highly specialized B cells
humoral immunity
immunity responsible for the production of critically important immune system elements know as antibodies
acquired immunity
a form of immunity resulting form exposure to foreign protein
naturally acquired immunity
a form of immunity resulting from the body’s response to naturally occurring pathogens
artificially acquired immunity
a type of acquired immunity resulting f form the body’s response to pathogens introduced into the body through immunizations
passively acquired immunity
a temporary immunity achieved by providing antibodies to a person exposed to a particular pathogen
antibodies
chemical compounds produced by the body’s immune system to destroy antigens and their toxins
acute rhinitis
the common cold; the sudden onset of nasal inflammation
mononucleosis
“mono” a viral infection characterized by weakness, fatigue, swollen glands, sore throat, and low-grade fever
chronic fatigue syndrome
an illness that causes severe exhaustion, fatigue, aches and depression; mostly affects women in their 40’s and 50’s
lyme disease
a bacterial infection transmitted by deer ticks
withdrawal
an act of contraception in which the erect penis is removed from the vagina before ejaculation
diaphram
a soft rubber cup designed to cover the cervix
intrauterine device
a small, plastic. medicated or unmedicated contraceptive device that prevents pregnancy when inserted into the uterus
contraindications
factors that make the use of a drug inappropriate or dangerous for a particular person
ectopic pregnancy
a pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum implants at a site other than the users, typically in the fallopian tubes
allopathy
a system of medical practice in which specific remedies (often pharmaceutical agents) are used to produce effects different form those produced by a disease or injury
osteopathy
a system of medical practice in which allopathic principles are combined with specific attention to postural mechanics of the body
homeopathy
the use of minute doses of herbs, minerals, or other substances to stimulate healing
naturopathy
a system of treatment that avoids drugs and surgery and emphasizes the use of natural agents, such as sunshine. to correct underlying imbalances
herbalism
an ancient form of healing in which herbal preparations are used to treat illness and disease
decision making and sexuality
choices vs. circumstances beyond our control
short term and long term impact
regrets vs. lost opportunities= progress and move on
your choice of partner= impacts your life
impacts all dimensions of health
how do researchers learn about sexuality
surveys and questionnaires -people may not be truthful, but may report the average observation -observing in a lab experimental manipulation -same as observe, but you add stimulus
dimensions of human sexuality
biological
social
psychological
moral
biological
reproduction contraception pregnancy sexual response *know the 4 stages in the book growth and development
social
history dating marriage legality advertising relationships
psychological
learned behavior
attitudes
education
expression
moral
behavior religion ethics- right or wrong? feelings yes or no
intimacy
state of closeness between people characterized by the desire and ability to share one’s most inner most feelings with each other
jo-hari window
has for sections
labeled me- do know/ don’t know
and others do know and don’t know
feedback from others help increase what you know about your unknown self
zones of space
social distance- 4-7 feet- respectful distance
personal distance- 1-4 feet- shows you are a group without excluding others
intimate distance- a foot or less- shows people that you are together- tends to exclude everyone else
dating patterns
preadolescence- “girl or boy germs”
early adolescence- more interaction
middle adolescence- mixed groups (males and females)
late adolescence- individual dating
functions of dating
achieving status learn more about other people learn more about your own personality and needs evaluation relationships clarify values experiment with sexual behavior
3 components of love
attachment- physical, emotional
caring
intimacy
2 kinds of love
passionate-romantic love (the immediate infatuation) companionate love (more like long term friendship)
immature vs. mature love
mature- positive, happy feelings associated with it
immature- you feel like you are in a controlling relationship, not really happy
is it helping you feel happier and be a better person
stern berg’s love triangle
make 8 different types of relationships
intimacy, passion, commitment
non-love
absence of intimacy, passion, or commitment
liking
intimacy
empty love
commitment
infatuation
passion
fatuous love
passion and commitment “Hollywood love”
may not know them very well-rush in to it
companionate love
intimacy and commitment (best friend)
romantic love
intimacy and passion
consummate love
intimacy and passion and commitment
traditional marriage
husband- more dominant traditional gender roles do not share interest/activities husband= ultimate authority wife= housework/children
modern marriage
husbands are less dominant
couple states they are equal, but has places where they tend to be more powerful
modified traditional gender roles
stress compatibility and spend time together
egalitarian marriage
both partners power equality
best seen as an ideal
highest levels of marital satisfaction
conflict-habituated marriage
tension and verbal battles
keep couple together
freedom to express resentment
come together in crisis
devitalized marriage
opposite of conflict-habitual marriage after marriage is well- established romance had faded tolerant acceptance of spouse "habit cage"- binding terms of marriage contract
4 stages of sexual response
excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution
excitement stage
initial arousal stage of the sexual response pattern
plateau stage
second stage of the sexual response patter; a leveling off of arousal immediately before orgasm
orgasmic stage
third stage of the sexual response pattern; the stage during which neuromuscular tension is released
resolution stage
fourth stage of the sexual response pattern; the return of the body to a pre excitement state
passive-congnial
common internship hold marriage together
begin with premise that marriage is going to be unexciting
peace and orderliness is emphasized
prees couple to pursue interests
vital marriage
dedicated to work and children
excitement= shared experiences
prefer to do things together
disagreement= over substantial issues not brought up again
total marriage
complete meshing of personalities and interest
shared experiences out numbered separate ones
conflicts settled as they arise
mutual supportiveness
successful marriage/long-term relationship
ability to change ability to live with the unchangeable assumption of permanence trust balance of dependence enjoyment of each other shared history that is cherished luck
10 most important things in a long term relationship
love laughter talk involvement friendships integrity tolerance adaption sex sharing
issues of fertility
sex drive=powerful communication= very important discuss contraception with partner use contraception= more reasonable 85% of women will be pregnant in 1 year with no contraception
fertility
ability to reproduce
birth control
prevents the birth of a child
contraception
prevents fertilization
effectiveness
-theoretical- used correctly overtype (lager %)
-use= used by general public (smaller %)
12 month pregnancy
idea every pregnancy is planned/ wanted there is preparation
- pre conceptional/prenatal care
- planned pregnancy= optimal health for mother an baby
teratogen
any substance which causes harm to unborn baby
-alcohol, tobacco, other drugs
4 factors
-timing (1st trimester is most critical for growth)
-dosage; more= more harm
substance
signs of pregnancy presumptive signs
missed menstrual periods
nausea
brest changes
fatigue
probable signs of pregnancy
increased frequency of urination
increased size of abdomen
softer cervix (by 6th week)
positive pregnancy test
positive signs of pregnancy
fetal heart beat
moving fetus (quickening)
ultrasound observations
medical diagnosis of pregnancy
documenting pregnancy symptoms
test for human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in urine
pelvic exam
