Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

percent of the adults smokers in 2013

A

18% national
21.9% indiana
numbers came from the centers for disease control

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2
Q

smoking is

A

the chief preventable cause of death in the US

nearly everyone knows smoking is harmful

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3
Q

why do 20% of US adults smoke?

A
social acceptability
ignorance
advertising
relaxation
handling instruments (having something to do with their hands)
oral gratification
decreases tension, anxiety, anger
weight control
family/friends smoke
stimulation and increased energy
habit
does not impair performance like other drugs
harmful effects then not to occur until it has been used for years
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4
Q

1 reason people smoke cigarettes

A

nicotine is an addictive drug
not all smokers become addicted
nicotine addiction= very powerful
affects 80-90% of smokers

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5
Q

how nicotine causes addiction

A

strong sensation of pleasure
lack of it causes discomfort (withdrawal)
stimulation craving long after withdrawal
symptoms disappear

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6
Q

major components of tobacco

A

nicotine
carbon monoxide
tar

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7
Q

nicotine

A
*psychoactive drug
can cause physical dependence
stimulant and depressant properties
takes 7.5 seconds to reach the brain
*does what the smoker needs- a stimulant and depressant
helps with simple repetitive tasks
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8
Q

carbon monoxide

A

*most abundant gas in tobacco smoke
oxygen displacer- interfere with blood’s ability to carry oxygen
*smokers are “out of breath”

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9
Q

Tar

A

sticky, dark mixture
total of all solid material that is inhaled
irritate the respiratory tract (smokers cough)

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10
Q

Surgeon General’s Report (1964)

A

increases overall mortality among men
causes lung cancer
causes chronic bronchites
smoking= habitually (not additive)

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11
Q

surgeon General’s report (1989)

A

increases mortality and morbidity in men and women
casual association between many diseases
smoking=addiction

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12
Q

master settlement agreement (1999)

A

class action suit filed by all 50 states
recoup Medicaid $ for tobacco related costs
tobacco industry pay $246 billion
use $ for cessation and prevention efforts

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13
Q

cigarette smoking increases risk

A

heart disease
cancer
lung diseases
After you stop your body can restore itself

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14
Q

amount of deaths related to smoking in the US

A

1 in 5

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15
Q

lung cancer

A

risk= proportional to smoking amount and duration
rare in nonsmokers
former smokers reduce risk of lung cancer significantly (vs. when they were smoking)

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16
Q

effects on nonsmokers

A

involuntary/passive smoking
mainstream smoke
side stream smoke

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17
Q

involuntary/passive smoking

A

inhalation of air containing tobacco smoke by nonsmokers

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18
Q

mainstream smoke

A

smoke inhaled and then exhaled by smoker

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19
Q

sidestream smoke

A

smoke from burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar

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20
Q

environmental tobacco smoke

A

tobacco smoke, regardless of its source, that stays within a common source of air

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21
Q

health concerns- passive/involuntary smoking

A

side stream smoke=85% of harmful substances
not filtered; more CO, CO2 and nicotine
some experts- smokers and nonsmokers exposed to same smoke
insufficient ventilation
eye irritation, nasal systems, headaches, cough, dislike oder

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22
Q

smoking regulations

A

restructions/bans
u.s. airline industry
children= increased risk for bronchitis, pneumonia, coughing, ear infections
partners/roommates= increased risk for heart attacks, cancer

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23
Q

e-cigarettes

A
no tobacco or smoke
synthetic nicotine- higher than cigarettes 
sold to children
FDA= potentially harmful- not sure
banned on airplanes
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24
Q

nicotine withdrawal

A

symptoms=anxiety, irritability, anger, increased appetite, urges to smoke
W/D peaks 1st 1-2 days
longterm abstinence= enhanced self-esteem and increased sense of control

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25
what american president was asked in the early 1960's if smoking was safe
John F. Kennedy
26
anti-smoking announcements started airing in 1962. describe one example of an anti-smoking public service announcement.
2 children imitating their parents- realize smoking works the same way
27
Luther Terry, MD, Surgeon General, released the first government report on smoking and health in 1964. why was it such an important event?
it was the first time smoking was said to have a dramatic effect on health- hit tobacco companies hard- started center studies by Tobacco company
28
the "fairness doctrine" was the legal principle or catalyst used to get cigarette advertising off television. it means that if a station broadcasts one side of controversial issue of public importance, the station must provide some time, not necessarily equal time, of the opposing view. this happened in june 1967, did the committee spend a lot of time discussing the proposal?
no, decision made during a coffee break
29
what was the result of the "fairness doctrine" decision? what did television stations have to air
people had to airing-smoking ads they aired at night after everyone is asleep then they said every 3 tobacco ads an anti ad had to be aired in the same time period
30
the battle was between broadcasters and cigarette advertisers- who wanted cigarette ads to continue and who wanted them to stop?
broadcasters wanted to continue and cigarette advertisers wanted out because they were losing too much money, too hostile an environment- voluntarily withdraw
31
they 1969 cigarette act banned cigarette ads on january 2, 1971. congress left the tobacco industry alone until 1984 and they were asked to
strengthen warning labels- asked to ban all tobacco ads
32
stoping smoking requires
knowledge, recognition, familiarity, belief, certainty
33
quitting
most want to quit= 80% at on time | cessation programs= 75% failure rate
34
cessation techniques and programs
past 90% of former smokers report they quit on there own now combination of nicotine replacement and anti depressant meds other factors increased cigarette taxes and social support- friends, family, co-workers, health car provider -nicotine fading -adverse techniques (things that make negative association) -hypnosis and acupuncture -relaxation training -contigency contracting -nicotine-containing products -cessation aids (medications/candy/gum) -church- based programs -voluntary health agency programs
35
young adults (18-234) likely ways of dying
chances of dying now-relativly low more likely to die of an injury injuries=leading cause of death injuries= 5th leading cause of death among all age groups cause pain and suffering= victim and friends/family
36
geting real about preventing deaths
risk=behavior and environment cannot eliminate all injuries individuals and society= take steps to reduce # and seriousness of injury
37
death by the numbers
75% of deaths among americans 14-24 caused by unintentional injuries, homicides, and suicides motor vehicle crashes kill more college age persons than all others combined
38
Why do accidents happen?
``` age/developmental phase alcohol/other psychoactive drugs stress situational factors thrill seeking ```
39
accident causes- age/developmental phase
leading cause of death among young people- more willing to take risks fatal accident victims= often males in teens and 20s some believe they are invulnerable
40
accident causes- alcohol/other psychoactive drugs
40% involved in an alcohol- related accident in lifetime | alcohol=25% of fatal motor vehicle accidents and half of fatal motorcycle crashed
41
accident causes- stress
tense and anxious= we pay less attention series of mishaps and near misses, then to your lower your stress level distracted=hard to focus
42
accident causes- situational factors
``` road conditions, car maintenance weather conditions unlocked doors lack of lighting lower risk when possible ```
43
injury definition
caused by the transfer of energy to tissue; results form exposure for energy: thermal, mechanical (i.g. a gun), electrical, chemical
44
intentional injuries
injuries that are purposely committed by a person
45
unintentional injuries
injuries that have occurred without anyone intending that had be done (car crashes, residential injures, recreational injuries)
46
factors contributing to motor vehicle accidents
- distracted driving - impaired driving - speeding - vehicle safety issues - driver age
47
safety at home
poisoning, falls, fire
48
injuries
``` understandable, predictable, preventable, not an accident course following unplanned events preceded by an unsafe act or condition accompanied by economic loss interrupt efficient completion of tasks ```
49
3 Es of injury prevention
education, enforcement, engineering,
50
education (injury prevention)
involve the community, not just children or adults empower diversity (education and socioeconomic level)
51
enforcement (injury prevention)
advocate for stricter laws | consistent enforcement of current laws
52
engineering (injury prevention)
new safety devices | environment changes- i.e. "complete streets"`
53
injury prevention strategies
primary prevention -prevent injury by removing the hazards or making it inaccessible so that the injury never occurs secondary prevention -reducing injury severity (i.e. using proper first aid) tertiary prevention -improving injury outcome after the injury occurs
54
active vs. passive prevention
active -individuals must do something to prevent themselves passive -individual is automatically protected (airbags)
55
opposition to enhancing safety laws
government interfering w/individual rights insignificant # of deaths or injuries opposition to age criteria difficulty or unwillingness to enforce laws public education instead of passing laws
56
how old is old
``` nos data= elderly or seniors are 65+ "young-old" 55-75 "old-old" 75+ 75-85- the elderly 85+ the very old or oldest old ```
57
gerontology
study of aging
58
chronological age
legal reasons | set by arbitrary governmental/legal standards
59
functional age
determined by individual attributes not consistent with chronological age varies with environment
60
aging is
developmental a gift of 20th century science and technology without a universally accepted theory
61
biological aging
changes in physical appearance | some physical capabilities diminish
62
pathological aging
result of disease
63
age related physiological changes- the skin
wrinkles loss of fat. padding=temperature regulation graying/loss of hair
64
age related physiological changes- skeleton and muscles
osteoporosis= loss of bone mass and height, increased risk of fractures arthritis decreased in muscle mass
65
age related physiological changes- the senses
impaired hearing/ vision slower reaction time no major declines in learning/ memory
66
age related physiological changes- cardiovascular system
decreased in heart muscle strength and cardiac output | blood pressure increases with age
67
three types of age bias
age restrictiveness ageism age distortion
68
age restrictiveness
set limits on someone else's behavior based of your expectations "act your age"
69
ageism
holding a negative attitude towards aging ant the age | can appeal to any age group
70
age distortion
distorting your perceptions based on your exception | atribute being forgetful to age
71
research on aging attitudes
by 5 or 6 children already have negative attitude regarding aging age group with least negative attitudes towards aging-adolescents
72
demographics
1900-1 in 25 were 65+ (4%) 200- 1 in 8 were 65+ (12%) 2030- 1 in 5 will be 65+ (20 %)
73
aging population key issues
retirement costs health care costs politics anti-aging gimmicks
74
seniors 65+ Years
use 29% of all money spent on medical care | see a physician 8 times a year general population only sees them 5 times
75
Keys to living long and well
``` exercise regularly hobbies reach out to others move-get off the couch manage health conditions mingle= engaged with family, friends, and community ```
76
thanatology
study of death and dying
77
mortality: past vs. present
increased life expectancy past vs. present cause of death infection vs. chronic diseases concentration of death among elderly illusion of control over death we fell it is unjust if you die before a certain age
78
how we learn about death
1st= physical/ concrete; older= abstract concepts move through stages @ different rates sequence rather than age is important predictable stages
79
learning about death stage one (less than age 3)
had to study- limited verbal skills | may experience feelings of grief, even if they can't express it
80
learning about death stage two (age 3-5)
time- view death as temporary egocentrism- may disregard death animism- don't understand full meaning of death (don't understand what is living and what isn't) magical thinking= see death as reversible and avoidable
81
learning about death stage three (age 6-8)
major transition beginning= death is final and inevitable end=death is personal lots of questions
82
learning about death stage four (age 9 and over)
age 9-10= adult like understanding of death need help dealing with emotions final, inevitable, personal abstract ideals "lie on in our memories"
83
bereavement
state of having sustained a loss
84
grief
reaction to the loss emotional feelings that people experience after the death of a friend/ relative ex; preoccupation with the image of the deceased, guilt, disruption in daily schedule delayed grief is a typical reaction
85
mourning
culturally patterned manner by which grief is managed
86
stages of dying (cobbler-ross 1969)
emotional reaction of dying people each person is unique= some may skip stages or revisit some stages family and friends may go through similar stages denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
87
denial
disbelief refuse to believe that they will die temporary defence mechanism
88
anger
feel they have "been cheated" "not fair" patient can vent fears and frustrations and anxieties may direct anger at relatives, friends and physicians
89
bargaining
strike bargains with God or a church leader some have religious conversions "buy time"
90
depression
grieving for their own death withdraw from family and friends periods of silence/crying
91
acceptance
``` fully realize they are going to die sense of peace void of feeling calm-introspective may prefer to be left alone or with family and friends ```
92
hospice care
terminally ill patients and family return to the experience of death at home primary goal= control of pain and death with dignity
93
what does death look like
``` decrease in food and fluid intake changes in breathing patterns skin cools moaning decreased orientation restlessness ```
94
dealing with death
part of the human experience life skill each person is unique
95
informed consumers
``` makes good decisions seeks trustworthy sources of info des not accept everything as truth selects products/services with care speakers out end fraud is identified ```
96
keys to wise shopping
``` decide what you need, make a list set and follow a budget comparison shop consider store brands and coupons be aware of advertisement and impulse shopping ```
97
before buying, consider const and
``` why- needs vs. wants what- quality vs. quantity when- now vs. later where- type of store, location how- cash vs. credit ```
98
budgeting
plan- guidelines for use of money list expenses and income obligations and responsibilities, needs and wants, personal priorities easier to save, use money for things you truly want, "rainy day" fund get bank account and debit card= learn how to use and balance your account plan ahead for future expenses (both long term and short tern) avoid buying on credit make your money work for you
99
income
ID income sources ID regular and sporadic calculate average income/ week or month
100
expenses
1. ID your expenses 2. essential and optional 3. consistent vs. variable 4. estimate average spent/week or month
101
compare income to expenses
determine whether to cut back, how much to save, if you need to earn more money, etc.
102
financial "orientation"
spenders, savers, sharers we all have a primary, secondary, minor some may favor 2 of the 3 or have a good balance spenders- live well, but may send more than they have savers- have money for later, but do not allow themselves to live shares- help others out, but may be taken advantage of
103
money
``` is finite/limited resources (for most of us) avoid deprivation and waste goals- short term and long term health care costs= increasing healthy=wealthy ```
104
why do we see health care providers
diagnosis, treatment, screening, consultation, prevention
105
informed self care
``` 3 main skills -observe and assess -seek professional advice vs. self- treat -safely self-treat know your: previous history nature of symptoms ```
106
symptoms
our body letting us know something is wrong
107
benefits of self care
reduce health care costs provide effective care for particular conditions free physicians to spend time with others increase interest in health related activities
108
knowing when to visit your physician
``` 2 types of mistakes -rush to doctor -avoid seeking medical care see one if symptoms are: severe, unusual, persistant, recurrent ```
109
overall
informed consumer | communication with health care professionals (physicians, pharmacist, nurse)
110
over the counter drug
considered relatively safe temporary use relieve minor symptoms
111
prescription drugs
physician supervision more powerful adverse side affects dispensed by pharmacists
112
drug regulation laws
federal food, drug, and cosmetic act 1939- provide safety of medication durham-humphrey amendment 1951-criteria for OTC and Rx drugs -OTC -must be non habit forming -no harmful side effects when used according to directions -did not require professional expertise to be used kefaurer-harris amendment 1962- required both safety and effectiveness before a drug could be marketed; required specific info on drug labels orphan drug law- financial incentives for drugs for rare diseases Rx drug user free act 1992- decreases drug approval time= charge money for additional reviewers dietary supplement health and education act 1994- regulated by FDA as a food; sold in US before 1994, assumed to be safe new (after 1994) must prove safety -results- no pre marketing evidence of safety and effectiveness, more money spent on supplements, some say more regulation is needed
113
drug approval process- U.S
preclinical R and D, phase1, phase 2, phase 3, and phase 4
114
preclinical R and D
research and development (R and D) exception= terminal illness/orphan drugs ID compound= curative/preventative potential conduct initial studies submit investigational new drug (IND) application to FDA
115
phase 1
initial clinical stage human experimental trials=determine effectiveness of compound healthy counter subjects
116
phase 2
clinical pharmacological evolution stage small # of people (100-300) have conditions possibly treatable by compound free from complicating conditions(only have that problem)
117
phase 3
``` extended clinical evaluation stage -greatly expanded versions of phase 2 studies thousands of people phase 1-3 may last 2-10 years on completion of stage 3: -submit new drug applicant (NDA) to FDA reviews applicant in 180 days approve or reject ```
118
phase 4
post marketing surveillance clinicians report patient experiences with the drug to the FDA FDA monitors clinical reports of long-term complicaitons
119
drug patents
17 years*** decrease approval process time= charge $ for additional reviewers 7 years development 10 years patent protected sales
120
drug names
brand names= registered name/trademark generic name= biological/chemical name consumer save $ with a generic drug
121
compliance
patient's willingness was ability to take medicament in the prescribed manner
122
intentional noncompliance
willful failure to follow physicians directions
123
unintentional noncompliance
patient discontinues or alters medication use
124
placebo effect
ability of inert materials to preform as if they were medically active
125
what percentage of ball state students have never used alcohol
11-20%; perceived use is that 2.4% of students are not using
126
why do people tend to think that more are using alcohol than actually are?
reputation of the college | more prevalent- you see it at parties
127
average # of drinks BSU students report drinking
6-7 (females 4-5; males 8)
128
men vs. women
men naturally drink more b/c of social expectations that men should drink more and maybe because females fear getting too drunk because they have to walk back self-report- men could be more willing to admit how much they have drunk majority say that they drink 8 or fewer
129
standard sizes of drinks
1.5 hard liquor 12 oz beer 6 oz wine
130
what students report happening when they drink
``` forgot where they were/what they did did something that they regret unprotected sex physically injured self injured others ```
131
ways to be responsible when drinking
alternate non alcoholic beverages with alcoholic ones eat before and or during drinking. determine set # before hand, pace drinks to one or fewer an hour, use designated drivers
132
physical effects of alcohol
BAC- biphasic curve- optimal BAC betwween .05 and .06 figure out how many drinks per hour that means for you there is an app to calculate your approximate BAC ***drinking more does not help you feel better, too much makes you feel worse
133
systems affected by drinking
digestive, cardio vascular, skeletal and muscular, immune, nervous, kidneys
134
effects of alcohol on the brain
cerebral cortex- poor judgement, lowered inhibitions, blunted senses limbic system- memory loss and exaggerated emotions cerebellum- coordination, reflexes hypothalamus and pituitary gland- sexual desire and arousal (increased desire, but decreased performance ability) medulla- automatic functions, increased drowsiness
135
long-term effects of drinking
liver damage, increased risk of cancer, korsakoff's syndrome- -thiamine deficiency, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, most likely to affect episodic memories, confabulation- invented memories taken as true in spot of memories that are lost, meager content in conversation, lack of insight, apathy, aren't aware of the symptoms
136
alcohol poisoning
vomit, lured speech, mental confusion, stupor, coma, shallow/ short breath, black out, pale, clammy bluish skin, seizers, does not respond to pinch or poke, hypothermia
137
what to do if someone has alcohol poisoning
roll on side (bacchus maneuver), try to wake up, continue to monitor, cover only with a sheet, do not give cold shower, do not give food or drink, call 911 don't forget about the life line law and good neighbor policy through Ball State
138
% crashes caused by drunk driving
31%
139
1 threat to children
school shootings
140
drug use according to Dr. turner
downward trend in last 30 years (can fluctuate with gas prices) can die on an overdose drugs attach to fat instead of water like alcohol, so it could be present in the brain where there is a lot of fatty tissue, but not show up in the blood depressants don't allow your eyes to keep up with a finger some drugs don't let you cross eyes others don't let your eyes dilate right
141
why are drunks dangerous
lowers inhibition and increased risk taking slow perception to reaction time impairs ability to divide attention alcohol allows you to be stupid can't control both speed and lane control at once you make a quarter million decisions on a trip to the store, but you can't do all this multitasking when drunk
142
adult reaction time
1 sec to 1.5 sec
143
alcohol use according to Dr. Turner
you get stuck at the age that you start drinking 96X less likely to have a drinking problem if you start drinking after 21 originally used as an antiseptic and a food
144
making alcohol
``` since 10,000 BC fermentation -unsure of first discovery -yeast, sugar source distillation boille fermented beverage throughout world proof to percent as yeast eats sugar, yeast wast is alcohol 12-14% naturally occurs ```
145
absorption of alcohol in the stomach
getting the ethanol out of the stomach and into the blood -20% absorbed in stomach chime in the stomach -45-2h 80% absorbed past pylorus get drunk faster on an empty stomach when you drink past what your brain can handle, your pylorus shuts off and you puke
146
what is a drug
anything on controlled substance act schedule 1- no medical use, high abuse (marijuana not considered to have a medical use) schedule 2- medical use, but addictive schedule 3 schedule 4- over the counter schedule 5- you can get *any substance which, when taken into the human body, can impair the ability of a person to properly operate a motor vehicle drugs do not cause your body to do anything that it couldn't do on it's own, just enhanced those factors
147
12 step process for police testing someone suspected to be on drugs
``` breath test interview of officer preliminary exam, 1st pulse eye examination divided attention test (balance) vital signs, second pulse dark room exam (pupil sizes) muscle tone, 3rd pulse injection sites suspect statements opinion of evaluator toxicology verification *trying to rule out medical conditions, alcohol, the drugs 94-94% correct identification rate ```
148
depressants
drunken behavior and appearance, uncoordinated
149
stimulants
in constant movement, restless, talkative, euphoria, redness to nasal area, runny nose, body tremors ex. cocaine, amphetamines
150
methamphetamine
extremely addictive
151
hallucinogens
confuse the senses ex. LSD, MDMA, MDA naturally occurring too "seeing sounds, hearing colors"
152
dissociative anesthetics
delusions- think you are something that you're not "super strength" blake stare, drooling, naked, warm to touch
153
narcotic analgesics
``` codine, morphine on the nod droopy eyelids depressed reflexes dry mouth low raspy speech ```
154
inhalants
aerosols shutting off oxygen to brain severe headaches slurred speech, disorientation, confusion
155
4 gateway drugs
marijuana, tobacco, alcohol, inhalants
156
cannabis
marijuana marinol (medical marijuana) interferes with short and long term memory emotional addictions different than alcohol edibles are dangerous, because it takes so much longer to start feeling the effects so people eat more marijuana is #2 cause of ER visits (#1 is cocaine) very blood shot eyes
157
poly drug use
using drugs at the same time, use1 drug to increase effects of the other drug
158
cancer
disease group characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells lage portion is preventable (like ones caused by tobacco use) formed from stem cells that grow wrong don't stop growing
159
metastasis
cells that travel to another region often form tumors are removed from the original tumor called this
160
damaged DNA
cancer develops when DNA is damaged normal cels die or become repaired if DNA is damaged cancer cells with damaged DNA caused by inheritance, environment, or lifestyle choices
161
DNA repair genes
involved in fixing damaged DNA. cells with mutations in these genes tend to develop additional mutations in other genes. Together, these mutations may cause the cells to become cancerous
162
cancer classifications
cancers are classified in two ways: by the type of tissue in which the cancer originates (histological type) and by primary site, or the location in the body where the cancer first develops
163
carinoma
malignancy of epithelial origin o the internal or external lining of the body. most common type of cancer accounting for 80-90% of cases
164
Sarcoma
malignancy originating in supporting or connective tissue (bone, cartilage, tendons, muscle and fat.
165
Myeloma
malignancy originating in the plasma cells of the bone marrow
166
Leukemia
malignancy of the bone marrow.
167
Lymphoma
malignancy that develops in the glands or nodes of the lymphatic system.
168
Stage 0
Carcinoma in situ
169
Stage I, Stage II, and Stage III
Higher numbers indicate more extensive disease: Larger tumor size and/or spread of the cancer beyond the organ in which it first developed to nearby lymph nodes and/or tissues or organs adjacent to the location of the primary tumor
170
Stage IV
The cancer has spread to distant tissues or organs
171
treatment for cancer
``` Surgery Chemotherapy Hormone Therapy Radiation Therapy Targeted Therapy Clinical Trials ```
172
surgery
only definitive way to know is to see an actual cell
173
chemotherapy
``` Chemotherapy is the use of medicines or drugs to treat a disease, such as cancer. Many times this treatment is just called chemo. Surgery and radiation therapy remove, kill, or damage cancer cells in a certain area, but chemo can work throughout the whole body. Chemo can kill cancer cells that have metastasized or spread to parts of the body far away from the primary (original) tumor. Chemotherapy also affects normal cells of the bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, hair follicles and some reproductive organ cells. side effects: Bone Marrow Suppression Gastrointestinal Tract Hair Follicles Fertility Mouth sores #1 is fatigue ```
174
can cancer be prevented?
All cancers caused by tobacco use and heavy alcohol consumption could be prevented completely. physical inactivity, and/or poor nutrition, and thus could also be prevented Certain cancers are related to infectious agents
175
cancer an genetics
Sometimes, certain types of cancer seem to run in some families. hereditary cancer: not common mutation is inherited and found in all cells
176
prevention of cancer
Maintain a desirable body wt. Eat a healthy diet Include fruit, vegetables, grains Eat HIGH fiber foods Limit alcohol – Do NOT smoke or use tobacco products Limit salt cured, smoked, & nitrite preserved foods Exercise 5 times/week
177
STI
over 1/2 of the cases of STI are in people 15-24 | can lead to disease and cancer
178
3 most common STIs
genital warts (HPV) chlamydia genital herpes *at BSU chlamydia
179
average sexual partners in a year at Ball State
males-3 females-2
180
If you do NOT use a method of contraception, what is your your chance of getting pregnant during one year of sexual intercourse?
85%
181
contraceptives
not the same as protecting against STIs | smoking could affect it
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hormonal contraceptives
may increase risk of cancer
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patch
increase risk of blood clots
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estrogen
increases occurrence of breast cancer
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epidemic
a highly significant increase in the number of cases of an infectious illness existing within the same time period in a given geographical area
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pandemic
an epidemic that has crossed national boundaries, thus achieving regional or international status
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pathogen
a disease-causeing agent
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agent
the casual pathogen of a particular disease
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virulent
capable of causing disease
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cell-mediated immunity
immunity provided principally by the immune system's T cells, both working alone and in combination with highly specialized B cells
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humoral immunity
immunity responsible for the production of critically important immune system elements know as antibodies
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acquired immunity
a form of immunity resulting form exposure to foreign protein
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naturally acquired immunity
a form of immunity resulting from the body's response to naturally occurring pathogens
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artificially acquired immunity
a type of acquired immunity resulting f form the body's response to pathogens introduced into the body through immunizations
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passively acquired immunity
a temporary immunity achieved by providing antibodies to a person exposed to a particular pathogen
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antibodies
chemical compounds produced by the body's immune system to destroy antigens and their toxins
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acute rhinitis
the common cold; the sudden onset of nasal inflammation
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mononucleosis
"mono" a viral infection characterized by weakness, fatigue, swollen glands, sore throat, and low-grade fever
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chronic fatigue syndrome
an illness that causes severe exhaustion, fatigue, aches and depression; mostly affects women in their 40's and 50's
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lyme disease
a bacterial infection transmitted by deer ticks
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withdrawal
an act of contraception in which the erect penis is removed from the vagina before ejaculation
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diaphram
a soft rubber cup designed to cover the cervix
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intrauterine device
a small, plastic. medicated or unmedicated contraceptive device that prevents pregnancy when inserted into the uterus
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contraindications
factors that make the use of a drug inappropriate or dangerous for a particular person
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ectopic pregnancy
a pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum implants at a site other than the users, typically in the fallopian tubes
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allopathy
a system of medical practice in which specific remedies (often pharmaceutical agents) are used to produce effects different form those produced by a disease or injury
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osteopathy
a system of medical practice in which allopathic principles are combined with specific attention to postural mechanics of the body
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homeopathy
the use of minute doses of herbs, minerals, or other substances to stimulate healing
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naturopathy
a system of treatment that avoids drugs and surgery and emphasizes the use of natural agents, such as sunshine. to correct underlying imbalances
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herbalism
an ancient form of healing in which herbal preparations are used to treat illness and disease
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decision making and sexuality
choices vs. circumstances beyond our control short term and long term impact regrets vs. lost opportunities= progress and move on your choice of partner= impacts your life impacts all dimensions of health
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how do researchers learn about sexuality
``` surveys and questionnaires -people may not be truthful, but may report the average observation -observing in a lab experimental manipulation -same as observe, but you add stimulus ```
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dimensions of human sexuality
biological social psychological moral
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biological
``` reproduction contraception pregnancy sexual response *know the 4 stages in the book growth and development ```
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social
``` history dating marriage legality advertising relationships ```
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psychological
learned behavior attitudes education expression
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moral
``` behavior religion ethics- right or wrong? feelings yes or no ```
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intimacy
state of closeness between people characterized by the desire and ability to share one's most inner most feelings with each other
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jo-hari window
has for sections labeled me- do know/ don't know and others do know and don't know feedback from others help increase what you know about your unknown self
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zones of space
social distance- 4-7 feet- respectful distance personal distance- 1-4 feet- shows you are a group without excluding others intimate distance- a foot or less- shows people that you are together- tends to exclude everyone else
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dating patterns
preadolescence- "girl or boy germs" early adolescence- more interaction middle adolescence- mixed groups (males and females) late adolescence- individual dating
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functions of dating
``` achieving status learn more about other people learn more about your own personality and needs evaluation relationships clarify values experiment with sexual behavior ```
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3 components of love
attachment- physical, emotional caring intimacy
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2 kinds of love
``` passionate-romantic love (the immediate infatuation) companionate love (more like long term friendship) ```
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immature vs. mature love
mature- positive, happy feelings associated with it immature- you feel like you are in a controlling relationship, not really happy is it helping you feel happier and be a better person
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stern berg's love triangle
make 8 different types of relationships | intimacy, passion, commitment
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non-love
absence of intimacy, passion, or commitment
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liking
intimacy
229
empty love
commitment
230
infatuation
passion
231
fatuous love
passion and commitment "Hollywood love" | may not know them very well-rush in to it
232
companionate love
intimacy and commitment (best friend)
233
romantic love
intimacy and passion
234
consummate love
intimacy and passion and commitment
235
traditional marriage
``` husband- more dominant traditional gender roles do not share interest/activities husband= ultimate authority wife= housework/children ```
236
modern marriage
husbands are less dominant couple states they are equal, but has places where they tend to be more powerful modified traditional gender roles stress compatibility and spend time together
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egalitarian marriage
both partners power equality best seen as an ideal highest levels of marital satisfaction
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conflict-habituated marriage
tension and verbal battles keep couple together freedom to express resentment come together in crisis
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devitalized marriage
``` opposite of conflict-habitual marriage after marriage is well- established romance had faded tolerant acceptance of spouse "habit cage"- binding terms of marriage contract ```
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4 stages of sexual response
excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution
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excitement stage
initial arousal stage of the sexual response pattern
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plateau stage
second stage of the sexual response patter; a leveling off of arousal immediately before orgasm
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orgasmic stage
third stage of the sexual response pattern; the stage during which neuromuscular tension is released
244
resolution stage
fourth stage of the sexual response pattern; the return of the body to a pre excitement state
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passive-congnial
common internship hold marriage together begin with premise that marriage is going to be unexciting peace and orderliness is emphasized prees couple to pursue interests
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vital marriage
dedicated to work and children excitement= shared experiences prefer to do things together disagreement= over substantial issues not brought up again
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total marriage
complete meshing of personalities and interest shared experiences out numbered separate ones conflicts settled as they arise mutual supportiveness
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successful marriage/long-term relationship
``` ability to change ability to live with the unchangeable assumption of permanence trust balance of dependence enjoyment of each other shared history that is cherished luck ```
249
10 most important things in a long term relationship
``` love laughter talk involvement friendships integrity tolerance adaption sex sharing ```
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issues of fertility
``` sex drive=powerful communication= very important discuss contraception with partner use contraception= more reasonable 85% of women will be pregnant in 1 year with no contraception ```
251
fertility
ability to reproduce
252
birth control
prevents the birth of a child
253
contraception
prevents fertilization effectiveness -theoretical- used correctly overtype (lager %) -use= used by general public (smaller %)
254
12 month pregnancy
idea every pregnancy is planned/ wanted there is preparation - pre conceptional/prenatal care - planned pregnancy= optimal health for mother an baby
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teratogen
any substance which causes harm to unborn baby -alcohol, tobacco, other drugs 4 factors -timing (1st trimester is most critical for growth) -dosage; more= more harm substance
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signs of pregnancy presumptive signs
missed menstrual periods nausea brest changes fatigue
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probable signs of pregnancy
increased frequency of urination increased size of abdomen softer cervix (by 6th week) positive pregnancy test
258
positive signs of pregnancy
fetal heart beat moving fetus (quickening) ultrasound observations
259
medical diagnosis of pregnancy
documenting pregnancy symptoms test for human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in urine pelvic exam