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BMS 23500 Pharmacology for VT I > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

monogastrict

A

single stomach

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2
Q

fermentative digestion

A

ruminants’ digestion

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3
Q

acetylcoline

A

neurotransmitter associated with parasympathetic nervous system

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4
Q

norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter associated with sympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

gastric

A

term associated with functions or diseases related to the stomach

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6
Q

enteric

A

term associated with functions or diseases related to the duodenum, jejunum, or ileum

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7
Q

colonic

A

term associated with functions or diseases related to the colon or large intestine

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8
Q

emetic

A

drug that produces vomiting with intent to remove toxic substance before absorption

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9
Q

emetic center

A

groups of neurons in medulla of brainstem that coordinates and controls vomiting or emesis

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10
Q

NTS- nucleus tractus solitarius

A

area in emetic center that has many receptors for drugs or compounds that stimulate vomiting or suppress vomiting

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11
Q

chemoreceptor trigger zone

A

This center in the brain has receptors that detect poisons, toxins, or other compounds in the blood or cerebral spinal fluid and sends signals that stimulate vomiting.

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12
Q

NK-1 receptor

A

this receptor responds to the presence of Substance P, and blocking of this receptor reduces vomiting.

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13
Q

Histamine H1

A

These receptors are more prevalent in the dog CRTZ than the cat, and are involved in vomiting associated with motion sickness; antimotion sickness drugs work via these receptors.

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14
Q

Alpha receptors

A

These receptors are more prevalent in the cat CRTZ tha the dog, and are involved with vomiting from common sedative drugs like xylazine.

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15
Q

seratonin receptors

A

another name for 5-HT receptors

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16
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

this is the structure in the inner ear that is responsible for balance

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17
Q

centrally acting emetics

A

a type of drug that produces vomiting by stimulating receptors in the CRTZ or emetic center

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18
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the stomach

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19
Q

apomorphine

A

Opiod emetic agent. More effective in dogs than cats.

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20
Q

xylazine

A

Emetic agent more effective in cats than dogs. This drug is more commonly used as an injectable sedative. Alpha 2 agonist drug.

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21
Q

hydrogen peroxide 3%

A

locally acting emetic agent recommended for use, if a locally acting agent is needed. Produces gastritis, especially in cats. Needs to be fresh.

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22
Q

anticholinergic drug

A

term to describe that the drug blocks affects of actylcholine and in so doing tends to block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.

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23
Q

prokinetic drug

A

term applied to a type of drug to indicate that the drug increases motility int he stomach and the small intestine. Such drugs also tend to increase muscle tone of the lower esophagus reducing acid reflux of stomach contents.

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24
Q

relatively contraindicated

A

this term means that a drug should not be used unless the medical condition justifies the risk.

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25
Q

absolutely contraindicated

A

this term means that a drug should not be used regardless of the medical condition

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26
Q

acepromazine

A

Phenothiazine antiemetic also used as a common veterinary tranquilizer

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27
Q

dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine

A

these two human drugs attach to and block H1 receptors as their mechanism to decrease the effects of motion sickness

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28
Q

metoclopramide

A

prokinetic agent and antiemetic that works by blocking dopamine (and probably seratonin) receptors on the CRTZ but also by increasing gastric and intestinal motility in the “normal” direction. This drug is still available as a human drug unlike cisapride, which is only available by compounding.

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29
Q

ondansetron

A

seratonin antagonist antiemetic used to control vomiting from cancer chemotherapy in dogs or pancreatitis in cats that is poorly controlled by other antiemetic agents

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30
Q

maropitant

A

Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist antiemetic drug introduced in 2006 for control of motion induced vomiting

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31
Q

secretory diarrhea

A

type of diarrhea in which the cells along the wall of the intestinal tract pump fluid into the intestinal lumen to produce diarrhea

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32
Q

enterotoxins

A

biological poisons produced by intestinal bacteria

33
Q

exudative diarrhea

A

type of diarrhea caused by leakage of electrolytes, plasma proteins, or blood through a damaged intestinal tract wall

34
Q

motility diarrhea

A

type of diarrhea associated with rapid transit of contents along the length of the bowel

35
Q

osmotic diarrhea

A

type of diarrhea caused by non-absorbed osmotic particles that hold water in the GI tract lumen or pull water from the body into the GI tract lumen

36
Q

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

what “EPI” stands for in relation to GI related disease

37
Q

segmental contractions

A

the type of intestinal contraction that mixes the contents of the bowel and provides resistance to flow of intestinal contents

38
Q

peristaltic contraction

A

the type of intestinal contraction that propels food along the GI tract

39
Q

tenesmus

A

when an animal strains to defecate

40
Q

ileus

A

segment of the GI tract that fails to contract

41
Q

melena

A

stool that has a dark, tarry appearance typically reflecting the presence of digested blood in the stool

42
Q

mesalamine

A

compound which colonic bacteria metabolize sulfasalazine to produce an anti-inflammatory effect

43
Q

keratoconjunctivitis (KCS)

A

condition that can result from the use of sulfonamide antibiotics

44
Q

adsorbents

A

type of drug that works by making toxic molecules or irritating/disease-causing compounds stick to it, thus preventing their absorption

45
Q

diphenoxylate, loperamide

A

OTC opiod antidiarrhea drugs that work by increasing segmental contractions and reducing intestinal secretions

46
Q

bismuth subsalicylate

A

compound broken down in GI tract that coats intestinal mucosa and into another aspirin-like compound that is anti-inflammatory

47
Q

ondansetron

A

drug that is an adjunct antidiarrheal drug that is also an antiemetic. Works by blocking 5-HT3 receptors in the GI tract to reduce secretion of chloride ions and water

48
Q

sulfasalazine

A

a sulfonamide antibiotic linked chemically to mesalamine (5-amniosalicylic acid), the latter compound being an anti-inflammatory compound cleaved from the drug molecule by colonic bacteria to treat inflammatory colitis

49
Q

salicylate

A

component of bismuth subsalicylate that is an adsorbent

50
Q

activated charcoal

A

adsorbent not usually used to treat diarrhea but is used to decrease absorption of ingested poisons. Sometimes referred to as “universal antidote.”

51
Q

emollient laxatives

A

lubricant oil or stool softener

52
Q

bulk laxatives

A

includes hydrophilic colloids like bran and methylcellulose from plant fiber

53
Q

mineral oil

A

emollient laxative most commonly administered by stomach tube to horses to treat suspected impactions. Major risk is aspiration of the compound since it has little taste.

54
Q

cod liver oil, white petrolatum

A

two emollient laxatives that are common ingredients of dog and cat laxatives used to treat hairballs

55
Q

glycerin

A

emollient laxative used as a suppository to ease the passage of stool through the colon or rectum of animals with pelvic fractures or compression of the diameter of the pelvic canal.

56
Q

docusate sodium succinate

A

emollient laxative that is a stool softener which acts by allowing water to penetrate hard stool

57
Q

lactulose

A

this osmotic cathartic is also used to decrease ammonia absorption from the GI tract in patients with hepatic encephalopathy

58
Q

castor oil, anthraquinone

A

two irritant laxatives that work by stimulating peristaltic activity and secretions in the bowel

59
Q

parietal cells

A

cells that produce hydrochloric acid in the stomach

60
Q

chief cells

A

cells in the stomach that produce the enzyme precursor pepsinogen

61
Q

H2 histamine, acetylcholine, gastrin

A

stimulation of any of these 3 receptors found on acid-producing cells increases stomach acid production

62
Q

enterochromaffin-like cells

A

from these cells comes the histamine that stimulates H2 receptors to increase acid production

63
Q

gastrin

A

this compound normally is released from G cells and causes the stomach smooth muscles to relax and increases gastric acid production

64
Q

mucins

A

complex molecule that forms the layer that protects the stomach lining from gastric acid

65
Q

bicarbonate ion

A

molecule that is added to the mucous layer to neutralize the corrosive effect of the gastric acid that contacts the layer by making it more alkaline

66
Q

prostaglandins

A

family of compounds that are “local controllers” of many body systems. In the GI tract, they are generally considered to be protective of the stomach by increasing mucus production, decreasing acid production, and increasing blood supply to the stomach wall

67
Q

systemic antacids

A

type of antacids that must be absorbed into the body to be effective

68
Q

cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine, nizatidine

A

these four drugs are H2 antagonist antacids

69
Q

cimetidine

A

of the four H2 antagonist antacids, this is the one that most significantly inhibits hepatic enzymes reducing biotransformation of other commonly used drugs and therefore requiring the veterinary technician to check this drug’s interaction with other drugs

70
Q

omeprazole

A

acid pump or proton pump inhibitor antacid

71
Q

sucralfate

A

antiulcer drug that forms a sticky paste that convers the ulcer

72
Q

misoprostol

A

synthetic prostaglandin type E1 drug that mimics the beneficial effects of natural GI tract prostaglandins

73
Q

ruminatorics

A

type of drug that increases the smooth muscle tone of the rumen to start it contracting again

74
Q

ionophore

A

type of drug that facilitates the transport of selected ions across a cell’s membrane

75
Q

neostigmine

A

ruminatoric that acts by blocking acetylcholinesterase’s destruction of acetylcholine neurotransmitter

76
Q

monensin

A

widely used ionophore in beef and dairy cattle to improve rumen health and that is also used to reduce coccidiosis in livestock and poultry

77
Q

dioctyl sodium succinate

A

stool softener also used to break up froth in frothy bloat

78
Q

pepsin

A

enzyme that is activated by the precursor molecule secreted by the stomach cells coming into contact with the hydrochloric acid in the stomach

BMS 23500 Pharmacology for VT I (3 decks)

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