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BMS 23500 Pharmacology for VT I > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

study of how a drug moves into, through, and out of the body

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2
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

how the drug actually produces its affect on the body

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3
Q

therapeutic range, therapeutic window

A

ideal range of concentrations within the body

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4
Q

what should administering manufacturer’s approved drug dose achieve?

A

plasma (serum) concentrations within the therapeutic range

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5
Q

Top end of normal therapeutic range that represents border between those concentrations that are beneficial and those concentrations at which signs of toxicity develop

A

maximum effective concentration

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6
Q

Bottom end of normal therapeutic range

A

minimum effective concentration

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7
Q

The blood or plasma concentrations of drug below the minimum effective concentration the drug will not achieve the drug’s beneficial effect

A

subtherapeutic

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8
Q

primary organs involved in removing drugs from body (organs of elimination)

A

liver and kidneys

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9
Q

3 components of therapeutic administration of drugs or dosage regimen

A

dose, dosage interval, and route of administration

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10
Q

amount of drug administered at one time to a particular patient

A

dose

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11
Q

loading dose

A

larger than maintenance dose and is designed to raise drug concentration to therapeutic range in short time

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12
Q

dosage interval

A

time between administration of separate drug doses

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13
Q

total daily dose

A

combined amount of drug (mass) administered in a given day

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14
Q

route of administration

A

means by which drug is given

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15
Q

drugs given by injection

A

parenterally administered

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16
Q

IV bolus

A

intravenous injections given as a single, large volume at one time

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17
Q

IV infusion

A

slowly injected or “dripped” into a vein

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18
Q

constant rate IV infusion

A

results in steady accumulation of drug concentrations in the body until they reach a plateau or steady state, and remain there until infusion is stopped

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19
Q

accidental injection of IV administered drug outside of the blood vessel

A

extravascular or perivascular injection

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20
Q

intraarterial injection

A

injected into the artery towards a specific tissue or organ

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21
Q

steady state

A

point at which drug administered by CRI reaches a concentration plateau

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22
Q

CRI

A

constant rate infusion

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23
Q

extravascular

A

injection of an IV drug into the tissue outside of the vein is said to have been given this way

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24
Q

SQ

A

injecting a drug under the skin

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25
Q

intradermal

A

injecting a drug into the layers of the skin

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26
Q

intraperitoneal

A

injecting a drug into the abdominal body cavity

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27
Q

per os

A

drugs given by mouth

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28
Q

topically administered

A

route of administration by which drugs are applied to the surface of the skin

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29
Q

aerosol administration

A

administration of a drug as an inhaled mist or gas

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30
Q

passive diffusion

A

movement of a drug through a membrane that does not require a carrier molecule or cellular energy to move the drug molecule

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31
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

movement of a drug across a membrane carried by a carrier but doesn’t require cellular energy to move the molecule across the membrane

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32
Q

active transport

A

movement of a drug molecule across a cell membrane by use of a carrier molecule and cellular energy to pump the drug molecule across the membrane

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33
Q

concentration gradient

A

the range of the drug molecule concentrations from high concentration to low concentration

34
Q

equilibrium

A

point at which the number of molecules at two different points are the same, or the number of molecules entering and leaving an area are equal

35
Q

pinocytosis, phagocytosis

A

process by which cells ingest a drug molecule

36
Q

lipophilic

A

fat loving

37
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving

38
Q

aqueous medium

A

water-based liquid into which some drugs can be dissolved

39
Q

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

A

4 steps of pharmacokenitics

40
Q

absorption

A

movement of drug molecules from the site of administration to systemic circulation

41
Q

bioavailability

A

percentage of drug administered that actually makes it into the blood stream and be absorbed

42
Q

extracellular

A

fluid outside of the cells

43
Q

base

A

type of drug that acquires H+ ions and becomes ionized

44
Q

acid

A

type of drug that acquires H+ ions and becomes non-ionized

45
Q

pKa

A

the pH at which a drug exists in a balanced 1:1 ratio of ionized to non-ionized molecules

46
Q

ion trapping

A

phenomenon where a drug molecule exists in a lipophilic form passes through a cell membrane into another compartment with a different pH, resulting in the drug molecules becoming more ionized and not being able to diffuse through the cell membrane to leave the compartment

47
Q

dissolution

A

step in which a solid dosage form breaks down into very small particles capable of being absorbed across the GI tract wall

48
Q

hepatic portal system

A

system of blood vessels that conducts blood from the intestine to the liver before the blood passes into systemic circulation

49
Q

first-pass effect

A

phenomenon in which a drug absorbed from the GI tract is mostly removed by the liver and excreted before the drug reaches systemic circulation

50
Q

xenobiotics

A

any “foreign substance” from outside of the body

51
Q

perfusion

A

the degree to which a tissue is supplied with blood

52
Q

distribution

A

pharmacokinteic process in which the drug moves from the systemic circulation to the tissues

53
Q

fenestrations

A

small openings in the capillaries through which small drug molecules can pass

54
Q

redistribution

A

movement of drug from a tissue back into the blood and then to a second tissue

55
Q

hypoproteinemia

A

condition when there is low protein in the blood

56
Q

volume of distribution

A

pharmacokinetic parameter that gives an approximation of the extent to which a drug is distributed

57
Q

receptor

A

term that describes the specific protein into which a drug interacts to produce a cellular effect

58
Q

affinity

A

the “fit” between the drug molecule and the receptor

59
Q

intrinsic activity

A

the characteristic of a drug that means when the drug combines with a receptor, it produces a cellular effect

60
Q

agonist

A

type of drug that combines with a receptor and has intrinsic activity

61
Q

antagonist

A

type of drug that combines with a receptor and has no intrinsic activity

62
Q

competitive antagonism, reversible antagonism, surmountable antagonism

A

relationship between two drugs that can combine with the same receptor and whose effect on the cell is determined primarily by which of the two drugs is present at the greater concentrations

63
Q

noncompetitive antagonism

A

relationship between two drugs that can combine with the same receptor and whose effect on the cell is determined primarily by which drug has a greater “advantage” that prevents the other drug from combining with the receptor

64
Q

partial antagonist

A

drug that has weak intrinsic activity, but is capable of reducing effect of another competitive drug

65
Q

nonreceptor-mediated drug reaction

A

drug effects that are not caused by linking of a drug to a receptor

66
Q

biotransformation, drug metabolism

A

pharmacokinetic process in which a drug is chemically altered by the liver or other tissues

67
Q

metabolite

A

product of biotransformation

68
Q

conjugation

A

metabolic process in which two molecules are combined together or produce a new molecule

69
Q

metabolic induction

A

the rate of metabolism of drugs, especially drugs metabolized by the MFO system, is increased

70
Q

renal elimination

A

excretion of a drug by the kidney

71
Q

hepatic elimination

A

excretion of a drug by the liver

72
Q

filtration

A

process of renal elimination in which the drug is passively pushed from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule

73
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

part of the kidney nephron in which active transport mechanisms move electrolytes, glucose, and some drug molecules out of the urine and back into the body

74
Q

active secretion

A

process by which the proximal convoluted tubule actively pumps drugs into the urine

75
Q

reabsorption

A

movement of molecules back into the body from urine in the loop of Henle

76
Q

enterohepatic circulation

A

process in which a hepatically excreted drug is reabsorbed from the GI tract and re-enters systemic circulation only to be excreted again, reabsorbed again, and again

77
Q

clearance

A

speed at which a volume of blood is “cleaned” of all drug

78
Q

half-life emilination

A

time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the blood to drop by half

79
Q

steady state

A

point after a drug has either been given multiple times where the peak concentrations all become the same and the trough concentrations all become the same

80
Q

withdrawal time

A

time after drug administration during which the animal receiving the drug cannot be sent to market for slaughter nor the eggs or milk from that animal be used for human food

BMS 23500 Pharmacology for VT I (3 decks)

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