Unit 1 Flashcards
pharmacology
study of how drugs behave in body
Four rules to live by
All drugs are poisons
No drug is a silver bullet
All doses are guesses
Complacency kills
T or F: all drug dosages used in veterinary medicine are based on controlled scientific trials and medical evidence specific to veterinary patients.
False
chemical name
describes the chemical composition or molecular structure of a drug; used by chemists and pharmacologists
non-proprietary name (generic name)
a more concise name given to the specific chemical compound (e.g. aspirin). Also listed as active ingredients on drug labels.
proprietary name, trade name, brand name
unique name a manufacturer gives its particular brand of a drug. This name is owned specifically by one particular drug company & is trademarked or copyrighted by that drug company.
generic equivalent drugs
drugs marketed by companies other than the original “brand” developer
bioequivalence
defined by FDA as meaning that an equivalent amount of generic drug is absorbed and delivered to the target site within the body as compared to the original brand or parent drug
extract
a therapeutic agent composed of specially prepared plant or animal parts rather than synthesized chemicals in a laboratory
over-the-counter (OTC)
drugs that do not require a prescription and can be obtained by anyone without a doctor’s order
legend drugs
limited to dispensing by or upon the order of a licensed prescriber (veterinarian or physician)
veterinarian-client-patient-relationship VCPR
a veterinarian has examined or has adequate medical knowledge of the patient and has agreed to assume responsibility for veterinary care of the patient; the legal term for the arrangement for treatment that exists between a veterinarian, an animal owner, and the animal.
clinical pharmacology
the application of pharmacology to specific treatments
active ingredient
the component of the drug’s composition that performs the beneficial effect. Same as generic name.
FDA, Food and Drug Administration
governmental regulatory agency in the US that controls drug approval
dosage form
description of the physical appearance of the drug
tablet
solid dosage form created by compressing powdered active ingredients and other inert ingredients together to form disk-shaped dosage forms
excipient
inert ingredients in a solid dosage form that may include binders, disintegrants, diluents, or flavoring/coloring agents
caplet
solid dosage form made from compressed powdered drug but in an oblong shape for easier swallowing
molded tablet (chewable tablet)
powdered drug incorporated with lactose or other sugars and made into a dosage form that is chewable
enteric coating
tablet covering that prevents a tablet from dissolving in the acidic environment of the stomach
sustained-release drug
solid dosage forms in which the dissolving is prolonged to allow for a more gradual release of active ingredient over a longer period of time
gel cap, capsule
powdered drug surrounded by a capsule of gelatin, modified starch, or cellulose
lozenge, troche
dosage form wherein the drug is incorporated into a hard candy-like tablet and is meant to be held in the mouth until dissolved
suppository
dosage form administered by being placed in the rectum
medium
liquid into which a drug is suspended or dissolved
suspension
dosage form in which the drug is floating, undissolved in the liquid
solution
liquid dosage form in which the drug has been dissolved
aqueous solution
type of drug solution in which the medium is water
syrup
liquid dosage in which the medium is a sugar solution
xyiltol
artificial sweetener sometimes included in sugar-free syrups but should never be given to dogs
tincture, elixir
alcohol-based solutions used for oral or topical application
insoluble
drug is unable to be dissolved in the liquid medium
emulsion
type of suspension formed from two liquids that do not readily mix
liniment
topically applied liquid dosage form that is rubbed into the skin to produce its beneficial effect
ointment, cream
semi-solid dosage form that liquifies at body temperature
paste
semi-solid dosage form that retains its shape at body temperature
ampule
injectable dosage form contained within a small glass vial that is opened by snapping the vial apart at the narrow neck of the vial
repository or depot
injectable dosage form that is formulated to be absorbed over a prolonged period of time
implant
special injectable dosage form that is solid, but is injected under the skin and releases medication over weeks to months
label information
term that describes the manufacturer’s drug information either inserted into each drug container or attached to drug bottle
drug insert
information on any drug that describes the specific use and administration of the drug that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
extra-label
term describes any use of a drug in a manner other than the use or manner that has been approved by the FDA
drug formularies
reference compilation of drug dosages and information
schedule drugs
drugs with the potential for abuse that are more tightly regulated by the government
United States Pharmacopia
non-governmental United States organization that sets the standards required for all drugs manufactured in the United States
inert ingredients
ingredients in the drug compound that include preservatives, stabilizers, or other additives besides the active ingredient
indication
term that means the label-approved reason for using the drug
side effect
any effect other than the intended effect of a drug
precaution
term describes as mild adverse reaction or some predictable side effect that doesn’t typically require medical intervention
warning
term to describe more serious or frequent side effects that could potentially
United States Adopted Names Council
organization responsible for approving drug names in the United States
bioequivalent
term used by FDA to determine if generic drugs are equivalent to parent drug
Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994
legislation that gives veterinarians the right to prescribe drugs for extra-label use in veterinary patients
withdrawal period of withdrawal time
period of time between the last dose and when the animal can be slaughtered for human food or its food products can be sold
pharmacy
art and science of preparing and dispensing medications
pharmacology
study of how drugs work
drug order
request by veterinarian to dispense or administer a drug within a veterinary hospital
prescription
drug order from a veterinarian to a licensed pharmacist
dosage, regimen
term that describes how a drug is to be administered, including what mass of drug, what route, how often it is to be administered, and for how long
dose
term that describes the mass of drug to be administered to a specific patient
dose interval
term that describes the amount of time between doses
dosage
term that describes the mass of drug needed per unit of weight of animal for any animal
dosage form
description of physical form of the drug to be administered
metric system
system of measurement that uses grams, liters, and meters as the basic elements of weight, volume, and length
apothecary system
system of measurement that uses grains and minims
household measurement system
system of measurement that uses teaspoons, tablespoons, and cups
percentage solution
defined as the number of grams of drug per 100mL of liquid
