Unit 3 & 4

Question 1

A thin layer of connective tissue that underlines the epithelial tissue layer

Answer 1

Basement Membrane

Question 2

General term for a cancer of the epithelial cell

Answer 2

Carcinoma

Question 3

Cells whose height is much longer than their width. These cells function for absorption of nutrients and secretion and are found mostly in the GI tract

Answer 3

Columnar epithelial

Question 4

Cube shaped epithelial cells that function for secretion

Answer 4

Cuboidal epithelial

Question 5

The inner space of a cavity, vessel, intestine, or other tube

Answer 5

Lumen

Question 6

The tissue of the organ that is responsible for the function of that organ

Answer 6

Parenchyma

Question 7

Flat, scale like, epithelial cells whose chief function is protection for the environment

Answer 7

Squamous epithelial

Question 8

The connective tissue framework of an organ that supports the epithelial layer of tissue

Answer 8

Stroma

Question 9

Epithelial cells that can transition in shape and size. These cells are primarily found in the urinary tract and prostate

Answer 9

Transitional epithelial

Question 10

Unspecialized cells that form a number of different (but not all) cell types in the body

Answer 10

Adult stem cells

Question 11

The process of cellular specialization

Answer 11

Differentiation

Question 12

The study of how modifications to the DNA that do not affect the DNA sequence affect the phenotype of a cell or organism

Answer 12

Epigenetics

Question 13

A tumor suppressor gene involved in DNA repair, whose mutated form is associated with breast and ovarian cancer as well as other cancers

Answer 13

BRCA1

Question 14

Any chemical or agent that is capable of mutating DNA sequence

Answer 14

Mutagen

Question 15

A change in a single nucleotide of a DNA sequence

Answer 15

Point mutation

Question 16

A type of mutation where only a single nucleotide is altered- either inserted, deleted, or substituted

Answer 16

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

Question 17

The process by which a cell acquires characteristics of a cancer cell

Answer 17

Transformation

Question 18

An infection that is persistent and never fully cleared by the immune system

Answer 18

Chronic infections

Question 19

The immune response to infection, injury, or irritation that results in pain, redness, and swelling

Answer 19

Inflammation

Question 20

A signaling molecule secreted primarily from immune cells, but also from other cells, that is the primary activator of inflammatory response

Answer 20

Tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a)

Question 21

List, describe, give the function, and an example of where the four types of epithelial tissues are and what they do.

Answer 21

Squamous- covers and protect the body, organs, and tissues (ex. Skin.)
Cuboidal- secretes substances (ex. Milk (breast))
Columnar- absorb substances (ex. Intestines, stomach)
Transitional- allow for stretching in organs that moves (ex. Bladder)

Question 22

Describe what the parenchyma and stroma’s functions are

Answer 22

The function of the parenchyma is to perform the function of the organ in which the parenchyma tissue is in. The stroma’s function is to support the epithelial tissue. Within the stroma, blood vessels convey material to and from the epithelial cells and provide nutrients and signals for cell growth and survival.

Question 23

Which organs are made of primarily epithelial cells and why are they the most common type of cancer?

Answer 23

Lungs, testis, breast, lymph nodes, stomach, skin, and kidney organs are made of primarily epithelial cells. They are the most common type of cancer because they are exposed to the environment which can have carcinogens.