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AP Gov > Unit 3-4 > Flashcards

Unit 3-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

single member district plurality

A

winner gets the most votes in a defined geographical area; people vote for a PERSON to represent them

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2
Q

proportional representation

A

parties earn seats based on the percent of the national votes they win; people vote for a PARTY
not possible with an executive election

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3
Q

majority system

A

winner gets more than 50% votes in a defined geographic area or there is a two-two runoff; people vote for a PERSON
no legislatures

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4
Q

UK Executive

A

monarch has hereditary appointment appointed by God
prime minister is indirectly elected; 5 yr term w/ no limits
chosen by a majority in the Commons; by tradition must win a seat

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5
Q

UK legislature

A

Parliament
HoC: direct election, plurality system, 5 yr term w/ no limit
HoL: appointed by the monarch as “life peerages”

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6
Q

Mexico Executive

A

directly elected, plurality vote, limited to one 6 yr term (sexeno)

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7
Q

Mexico Legislature

A

Chamber of Deputies: directly elected, 4 yr term w/ 3 term limit, combination of SMDP and PR
Senate: directly elected, 6 yr term w/ 2 term limit, combination of SMDP and PR, all three Senators er state cannot be from the same party

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8
Q

Nigeria Executive

A

directly elected ; qualified plurality vote, 4 yr term w/ two term limit
winner must get 25% of the vote in 2/3 of the states

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9
Q

Nigeria Legislature

A

House of Representatives: direct election, 4 yr term w/ no limits, SMDP
Senate: diddo

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10
Q

Russia Executive

A

direct election; majority system w/ runoff, 6 yr term w two term limit, appoints the Prime Minister, doesn’t have to be a mem of legislature

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11
Q

Russia Legislature

A

Duma: direct election, 5 yr term w/ no limit, 1/2 PR and 1/2 SMDP
Federation Council: appointed; 17 by the president, remaining 1/2 appointed by regional governors, 1/2 by regional legs

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12
Q

Iran Executive

A

indirect, appointed by the Assembly of Experts for life

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13
Q

Iran Legislature

A

assembly of experts: must be islamic jurists, combo of single mem and multi-mem districts, plurality w/ runoffs, 8 yr term w no limits
guardian council: 1/2 appointed by SL, 1/2 by Chief Judge, may strike candidates from the ballot
president and majilis: combination of single mem and multi mem districts; plurality with runoffs, 4 yr term w no limits

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14
Q

China Executive

A

president “ elected” by Ntl Ppl’s Conf; 6 yr term no limit, de facto executive > general secretary: appointed by politburo standing committee

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15
Q

China Legislature

A

National People’s Congress “elected” by the regional councils, 5 yr term no limits, only options are candidates approved by the CCP

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16
Q

ideology

A

a system of ideals and ideas which forms the basis of economic or political theory and public policy. All ideologies contain…
perception - what is going wrong
evaluation - why things are going wrong
prescription - cure for the ills of society
movement - a way to carry out the cure

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17
Q

individualism

A

emphasizes the value of the individual; individual freedom takes precedence over government restrictions
limited government
natural rights, freedom of religion…

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18
Q

neoliberalism

A

free market
economic liberalization - remove government regulations that restrict free market
protect private property
privatization of public industries

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19
Q

communism

A

full social equality
no private property
public is the government - command economy
nationalization
collective farming - eliminate individual farms in favor of communal production

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20
Q

socialism

A

increase social equality
reduce income disparities
welfare state - taxpayer-funded programs to protect and promote nationalization

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21
Q

populism

A

rights of the common people > “corrupt elite”
policies depend - is the person group more socialist? individualist?

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22
Q

fascism

A

extreme nationalism
state is more important than the people
tyranny of the ethnic majority
de facto nationalization
state itself is sovereign

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23
Q

civil society

A

a range of voluntary organizations that are autonomous from the state
example: NGOs
common interests and provides services that the gov can’t
authoritarian regimes don’t like this because the people can talk to each other and share ideas -> threatening to their rule

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24
Q

NGO

A

non-gov organization
nonprofit organization that operates independently of the government, typically one whose purpose is to address a social or political issue
autonomous of the state and an example of civil society

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25
Q

political participation

A

the degree to which citizens’ activities impact politics. Activities of citizens that attempt to influence the structure of government, the selection of government officials or the policies of gov
plays a role in certain governmental aspects corresponding with the people, such as legitimacy
more participation will lead to more legitimacy and more regime stability
forms: interest groups, elections, media, political parties

26
Q

referenda

A

allows citizens to vote directly on policy questions
promote democratic policy making\
bypass the legislature
difficult and potentially unpopular decisions
gives executive a chance to pass a law without the legislature and gives the people opinion as well

27
Q

social and political cleavages

A

long standing social and political divisions separate citizens into advocates and adversaries on certain issues, candidates, and/or political parties
gives light to differing issues that different groups of people deal with
four common examples: ethnicity, religion, region, social class
social and political cleavages differ from each other because political cleavages are essentially cleavages that started off as social to begin with, but then turned political when they started to impact political culture

28
Q

main characteristics of UK’s political culture

A

classic liberalism - limited government influence over individuals
social equality - everyone has equal rights as well as liberties; no inequalities in that sort
pragmatism - the concept of dealing w/ things in a reasonable and sensible way
gives the state more power to take individual rights when needed

29
Q

UK challenges to political culture

A

certain views brought up by Brexit caused a split between groups of people, such as young vs. old and rich vs. poor

30
Q

main characteristics of Mexico’s political culture

A

people of Mexico don’t trust their government
continued authoritarianism aspects within the democracy
limited public participation in political affairs

31
Q

challenges to Mexico’s political culture

A

not many people are interested in politics because of distrust

32
Q

main characteristics of Nigeria’s political culture

A

unpatriotic because of more identity with local ethnic groups
high support for democracy and multiple parties
people don’t want a single leader
people, although lack patriotism, have a sense of national identity

33
Q

challenges to Nigeria’s political culture

A

there are lots of different ethnic groups and a difference in religion with Christians and Muslims, which causes divide and tension

34
Q

main characteristic of Russia’s political culture

A

communism, anything that wasn’t communism was surpressed
Russia is different and that is what makes it great
gov instills ideas of patriotism as well as a “great RUssia” onto people, so people support the regime to return to Russia to greatness

35
Q

challenges to Russia’s political culture

A

less enthusiasm over governmental international actions, like in Ukraine for example
lower support with younger people
lower standard of living

36
Q

main characteristics of China’s political culture

A

traditional authoritarianism
some aspects of Confuscian philosophy are embraced
communities and correctiveness -> nationalism

37
Q

interest groups spectrum from most to least freedom for the people

A

pluralism, corporatism, top-down participation

38
Q

conventional participation

A

voting, contacting public officials, donating, joining a group/association

39
Q

unconventional participation

A

protesting, civil disobedience, boycotts (may be violent or nonviolent)

40
Q

UK political culture

A

democratic tradition
gradualism
civic culture
main social cleavages: ethnicity and region

41
Q

Mexico political culture

A

history of authoritarianism
corruption
nationalism
catholicism
main social cleavages: region, ethnicity, class

42
Q

Nigeria political culture

A

commitment to democracy
corruption
identity politics
main social cleavages: ethnicity, region, religion

43
Q

Russia political culture

A

history of authoritarianism
corruption
nationalism
main social cleavages: ethnicity, region, religion

44
Q

China political culture

A

history of authoritarianism]
corruption
nationalism
main social cleavages: ethnicity, region, religion

45
Q

Iran political culture

A

history of authoritarianism
corruption
nationalism: persion and shia
democracy and theocracy
main social cleavages: ethnicity, religion, region

46
Q

Authoritarian regimes and democratic forms of political participation

A

provide an outlet for public discontent to protect the stability of the state; ie ward off protest and/or violence

47
Q

Nigeria’s big three ethnicities

A

hausa: north, predominantly Muslim
yoruba: SW, predominantly christian
Ibo: SE, predominantly christian

48
Q

Uk Labour Party

A

democratic socialism
envorinmental reform
education
expand NHS
energy supply
safer measures
seats increasing since Russia-Ukraine
center-left

49
Q

UK Conservative Party

A

health services
decrease illegal immigration
promote economic growth
decrease inflation and national debt
executive went up but legislative went down
center right
neoliberalism

50
Q

Scottish Nationalists

A

social democracy
employment
economy
equality
security
not much representation in Parliament
popular in Scotland
center left

51
Q

Mexico PRI

A

neoliberliams
constitutionalism
free market capitalism
privatization
economic growth
high in the past, not recently
center right

52
Q

PRD

A

corruption

53
Q

Mexico Morena

A

socialist with a dose of populist

54
Q

Nigeria PDP

A

socially conservation neoliberal
economic deregulation
human rights
healthcare
medium
center right

55
Q

APC

A

socialism
welfare
equality for all
anti corruption
high electoral success
center left

56
Q

United Russia

A

fascist
highly nationalistic
just want control
literally authoritarian
center right

57
Q

Russia Communists

A

communist
social equality
healthcare
education
57/450 Duma seats
slowly gaining
left

58
Q

China CCP

A

communist
a little socialist
help and grow China
better for the people
no election
authoritarian power
far left

59
Q

Iran reformist coalition

A

neoliberalism
unity for women
moving forward
change
unity
democracy needs to balance out with religion
medium success
overall successes with downfalls
center left

60
Q

Iran conservative coalition

A

religion should rule
theocracy
anti West
most popular
right

AP Gov (5 decks)

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