Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Gov > Comp Gov Unit 1b > Flashcards

Comp Gov Unit 1b Flashcards

1
Q

ideology

A

s system of ideas and ideals which form the basis of economic or political theory and public policy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

four stages of ideology

A

perception - what is going wrong
evaluation - why things are going wrong
prescription - cure for the ills of society
movement - a way to carry out the cure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Karl Marx

A

anti-capitalism
marxism - the working class (proletariat) will take matters into their own hands and establish a new government against capitalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vladimir Lenin

A

leninism - a small revolutionary vanguard (bolsheviks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mao

A

China
maoism - peasantry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

socialism

A

remove social inequalities typically through limited government ownership and redistribution of wealth within a democratic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

state socialism and communism in practice

A

political and economic centralization through a party state and command economy. Claims this “dictatorship of the proletariat” is temporary
government rules as a “democratic dictatorship”until society is ready to self-govern (the “end state”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

communism the theory

A

the end state. No government, no provisional property and creation of a classless, no exploitative and self-governing society
capitalism industrial revolutions caused inequality and maltreatment -> frustrated workers will rise up and take matters into their own hands by leading a revolution -> take all the assets of ex-business owners to support the new state after the government is overthrown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

rubber stamp

A

legislation approves everything the president (or communist dictator) puts out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

regime consolidation

A

make sure that the regime stays the way it is
All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter Revolution - secret police that killed people and silences opposition as their form of regime consolidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Deja Vu All Over Again?

A

repetition of the past
Putin, Putin, and more Putin
gaining more control of political life, something that isn’t possible in industrial democracies
2008 - Putin chose Dmitri Medvedev as his successor while he became prime minister
two parties: United Russia (single party democratic system with this party) and Just Russia - both Putin and Kremlin’s work
weak economy; dependent on oil and gas as its only significant exports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thinking About Russia

A

stakes of political life are way higher than other countries
Mikhail Khordorkovsky, who had unusual access to Boris Yeltsin, was convicted of many crimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Russian Geography

A

also called the Russian Federation
largest country with a high population
cold and some snow
oil, natural gas, and many minerals underneath permafrost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Russian Diversity

A

mainly Russians with large RUssian minorities in other USSR countries
near abroad - independent republics that emerged after the dissolving of the Soviet Union
ethnic troubles and fighting in the Soviet Union 1980s -> reform and protest against discrimination -> violence and some legislation furthering discrimination -> diversion still continues today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Russian Poverty

A

very poor
standard of living for the people is lower than in the West
an emerging economy, but its growth and improvement is slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Russia: The Environment

A

Soviet Union and Russia -> many nuclear weapons, Chernobyl of 1986 being the worst -> bad air, deaths, cancer and diseases, pollution, bad soil
example cities with bad conditions: Kemenevo and Karabash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The Evolution of the Russian State

A

past with Soviet Union plays a big role, partly because many politicians today were part of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The Broad Sweep of Russian History

A

started in the 19th century
Kievans tribe and successors take over
Russia was able to get a good hold on their land after being overrun many times over
many things that reshaped Europe, like scientific revolution and Reformation, didn’t happen in Russia and left it behind
many, like Peter the Great, took ideas from West to reshape Russia, which led to Slavophiles, who thought that Russia was the greatest and didn’t need western stuff
defeat by Britain and France in Crimean War -> political forces in motion -> 1917 revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Russia: Prelude to Revolution: Backwardness

A

halfway into 19th century
VERY slow industrialization
most people still lived in the countryside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Russia: Prelude to Revolution: Failed Reform

A

Crimean War -> Alexander II -> limited reforms -> killed 1881 -> Alexander III took over -> reversed the reforms of his father

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Russia: Prelude to Revolution: A Weak State

A

state grew weaker and weaker
Russian elites’ hopes of Russia being a world power were crushed by its international defeats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lenin and the (Wrong?) Revolution

A

because of heavy policy and exiles, only a small group of revolutionaries called Marxists survived (capitalism before a socialist revolution); within this, Vladimir Lenin
What is to be done?
congress of the Social Democratic Party 1903 -> split on pinions towards Lenin’s ideas -> Mensheviks (anti Lenin) vs. Bolsheviks
tsar regime went down -> Bolsheviks rose, especially after Japanese debacle in 1905
WWI -> provisional government -> 1917 Bolsheviks overthrew the government and took over -> had little popular support on countryside
Brest Litovsk Treaty with Germany -> industrial production decreased -> many people died while other fled to cities
Civil War 1918
New Economic Policy encouraged peasants, merchants, and some industrialists to pursue private businesses
Soviet Union didn’t adapt totalitarian dictatorship, until Stalin came along

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lenin: What is to be Done?

A

only a small group of professional revolutionaries can be successful
democratic centralism
prevent the secret police from infiltrating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

democratic centralism

A

discussion and debate would be allowed before the party decided to act, but once a decision was made, everyone had to obey it without question

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
provisional government
maintain power until a new government can be appointed by a regular political process, generally an election
26
Civil War 1918
tsar and provisional government supporters rose against Bolsheviks -> Bolsheviks created the Cheka - first secret police to enforce discipline, and brought back old elites and hired loyal commissioners to watch over the elites because they couldn't be trusted 1921 -> Bolsheviks gained control of the entire country -> created SU -> maintained democratic centralism
27
Terror and the Modernization of the Soviet Union
despite Lenin's treatment, Joseph Stalin was put in charge of the Bolsheviks -> one of the most painful periods in SU history
28
Russian Industrialization
Stalin went against the "capitalist encirclement" and made Russia the first socialist country gave hope enforced forced industrialization, like many other countries 2-pronged plan resistance towards plan -> brutal treatment -> rapid industrialization
29
2-pronged plan
Stalin 1. used human labor; farmers in rural in state farms and peasants in cities; often used force and violence and many died 2. agricultural surplus -> industrialization 5-year plan - 1928-1932, doubling production of certain goods like steel, coal, oil, etc. Gosplan - Central State Planning Commission; economic goals -> individual ministers turned them into quotas resistance towards plan -> brutal treatment -> rapid industrialization
30
Russia Foreign Policy during Stalin
third International, or Comintern, went down and Stalin called for "socialism in one country" went back and forth from pro to anti fascism, with and against Nazi germany war -> SU and West tensions -> Cold War -> u-turn in SU policy
31
Russia: The Purges
although violent, Stalin did help SU a lot many purges - communist party got rid of members and rivals of party "Congress of Victors" -> Sergei Kirov won against Stalin -> Kirov assassinated -> Stalin ordered torture and trials to find out who was involved -> MANY died innocently purges and execution -> drainage of party enthusiasm -> people used humor to cope LOTS of executions for little to no reason
32
Khrushchev, Brezhnev, and the Politics of Decline
1953 Stalin died -> no more brutal leadership -> Nikita Khrushchev 20th century Party Congress -> Khrushchev's secret speech -> details of Stalin's crimes -> reversing of Stalin's strict rules and "peaceful coexistence" to relax tensions with the West still faced a good amount of opposition 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis -> SU defeat -> Khrushchev critics saw this as an embarrassment -> Khrushchev replaced by Leonid Brezhnev faced economic decline, which he didn't do much for in order to protect party's monopoly on political life and the centrally controlled economy economy continued to decline even after his death Gorbacheve eventually took over: was he somber gray or colorful and enthusiastic? =
33
The Collapse of the Soviet
Gorbachev's reforms went far enough to strike opposition, but not to challenge the party's power, so in the end he failed
34
Russia: The Party State
CPSU was the only party that really mattered and had many members because it was the only road to success party congress was important but least influential in the sense that it ratified decisions made by the party elite, like the Central Commission self-perpetuating bodies: Politburo and Secretariat elites were at the top and controlled those on the bottom: nomenklatura Lenin's system persevered
35
Politburo
principal policymaking committee in the SU
36
secretariat
oversaw the work of the party apparatus
37
nomentlatura
lists of important position and people qualified to fill them
38
Russian Reform
reforms to make the SU catch up to the West influential people increased -> opinions and debate increased -> shrinking center
39
Russia: Glasnost
one of the reforms to change political culture def: openness, government started to make things more open to the public less censorship -> open mass media -> people started to vent their frustrations about the last 70 yeats national movement among the country's minorities challenged the legitimacy of the SU state itself
40
Russian Democratization
in order for glasnost to work, we would need a level of western democracy party's monopoly on power changed and strengthen pres new Party -> Congress of People's Deputies -> partially free elections Gorbachev helped to democratize but not enough to weaken CPSU opposition to his right increased
41
Perestroika
rapidly declining economy when Gorbachev took office, ie couldn't participate in international economy because of foreign trade laws and SU currency tried radial economic reform -> didn't work -> perestroika - total restructuring of economy -> party's economic power decreased and private ownership and individualism increased five broad initiations by 1980s Gorbachev team dissatisfied party hierarchy by giving away power and increasingly impatient people
42
perestroika: 5 broad initiatives by 1980s
certain market mechanisms under state ownership existence of small, privately owned companies market value for goods and services; no crazy prices restriction with foreign firms decreased
43
Russian Foreign Policy during Gorbachev
ended cold war decreased nuclear testing money, which took up 1.4 of the gross national product Gorbachev envisioned an international world with peaceful resolutions -> opposition from back home
44
Russia Crisis and Collapse
communism was collapsing and SU was growing weaker 1991 June -> Yeltsin became president KGB warned against liberal reforms -> Union Treaty to be signed when Gorbachev gives 10/15 republics autonomy in policymaking -> was delayed because he got sick -> vice president Genradi Yanagev took his spot troops formed a coup in Moscow and other cities -> Yeltsin responded quickly and shut it down -> Gorbachev came back, but Union Treaty was so far gone as the republics had broke off and created the Commonwealth of Independent States -> forced to resign -> end of SU
45
dual rule
two separate part of government, but one is more powerful than the other party state the party is the actual state or government
46
Hu's Not the First
smoothly goes from one leader to the next Hu Jintao is chairman is Chinese Communist Party and president of People's Republic of China Xi Jinping took over after him, head the Central Military Commission, time of economic growth China may decine because it puts economy over political reform on communism; economic stance since Deng Xiaoping of 1970s Hu Jintao was one of the smoothest transitions in communism; world's most stable regime
47
China: The Basics
large population limited natural resources, 1/4 arable land, water shortage, dangerously fast industrialization 90% ethnically Chinese with little political importance on minorities many differences China dialect, but Mandarin is the lingua franca national superiority with little outside influence not as much overall change has occurred as in the West lots of poverty; 100 million are middle-class social and economic growth, ie life expectancy and literacy don't overestimate its political and economic power People's Liberation Army (PLA), not as strong as the US only time can tell what will happen
48
The Evolution of the Chinese State
lots of reasons for Chinese today besides Marxism
49
The Broad Sweep of Chinese History
history starts with Confucianism 300 BC: well-established bureaucratic system where bureaucrats had government jobs -> Qin mobilized other regional kingdoms -> one unified kingdom cycle of declining dynasties because of bad emperors being overthrown and replaced with a new dynasty
50
Qing
the last dynasty that ended in 1911 led by Manchurians decline in 18th century popular growth > agricultural growth -> angry peasants Chinese traditions > industrialization
51
China 19th century
British and America took control British won Opium Wars Taiping Rebellion extraterritoriality -> Chinese were powerless, authority-less, and humiliated
52
extraterritoriality
Europe's laws, not China's applied to the activities of Europeans in China
53
Japan and China history
Japan won the Sino-Japanese War 1894-95 -> joined America in de facto and controlled parts of China -> China realized they ahd to change -> from tradition to what Chen Duxin called "Mr. Science and Mr. Democracy" -> modernization although some reforms continued, Chinese elites halted educational improvements towards modernization -> China's weaknesses revealed -> revolutionaries
54
The Failed Revolution of China
Sun Yat Sen was a huge revolutionary who was the head of the revolutionary Alliance, or Kuomintary/National Party 1911: revolutionaries broke own overthrowing the batuhan government, when Sun became president of there were differences between revolutionaries that Kuomintary never had much control of and warlords mainly controlled it 1919 Treaty of Versailles -> young China and May 4th Movement against traditional values -> quickly collapsed because of poor organization
55
China Stands Up and Communism Increases
young people took on Marxism -> formation of CCP Chiang Kai-Shek took over after Sun died, one example of how Bolsheviks inspired KMT communism increased -> tensions between CCP and KMT increased -> KMT and 1926 Northern Expedition -> CCP support decreased April 1927 - KMT forced attacked CCP and only 5,000 CCP members survived Mao Zedong first attack on Changsha didn't work and Mao quickly realized that conventional warfare won't work -> October 1934 - diversionary counterattack successful against KMT Long March January 1936 Politburo elected Mao chairman -> Bolshevik notion on revolution was gone and replaced by mass line eventually CCP became more Marxist and socialist that Russia battle against Japan WWII ended -> KMT were stronger with Stalin support -> leader of communist army Lin Biao 1946 took control of Manchuria and south through guerilla war -> KMT went down -> communists created the PRC
56
Mao Zedong
guerilla war, uprisings won't work and the only revolution that will work is one that takes years to put together by the PEASANTRY
57
Long March
CCP vs KMT battles on the year-long march to Yuman -> only 10% survived, but success for CCP because party spent time uniting itself and organizing
58
Chiang and the battle against Japan
Chiang captured 1936 -> Zhou Enlai led a fight against Japan -> KMT and CCP allied, but CCP got most credit -> spearheaded resistance
59
Since Mao's Death
liberal -> private ownership no Marxism leadership more unified mostly moderates coexist, thanks to Deng, who led China to Economic reform
60
Iran Overview
known as Persia until 1935 narius and cyrus empires muslim principles -> theocracy (Sharia) law nuclear weapons accusation
61
Islamic Revolution
1979 strailed western relations -> sanctions = hurt international oil economy subsidy policy = oil exports to keep prices low = 2010 new reform poorer = benefit Iran = Islam religion based
62
Iran Religion Basics
most muslims are sunni, Iran is Shiites > more militant/orthodox Ali followers = Shiite -> descentant system established clergy, theological training black turbans = direct descendants, encourage debate of key principles, Quran, Sharia fundamentalism two main traditions = Shiism and Persia - Pahlavi vs clergy emphasis on land, history and intellect vs tradition, faith = rural areas/slims
63
Iran Society
poor limited women's rights, imposed after 1979 - Islamic Revolution changed things stonings and executions, entire coverings, arrestings, rebelling/violations large young population Shirin Ebadi: judge, nobel peace 2003 Haleh Esfandiari: professor, unnecessarily arrested
64
Persia and Shiite
constant byzantine, islamic, and mongol rule -> constant outsider fear sufi mystical tradition -> political and religious movement -> Ismall Shah -> fought sunni otoman attacks -> shiism became authoritarian -> monarchs dominant -> hierarchal around religion shiism
65
shiism
respected learned scholars and prophet descendants weakened by time
66
Iran outside influence
secularization - rid hierarchy, separate church and state, growing middle class
67
1905 - 1911 Iran
constitutional revolution -> firl Islam status, economic reforms, legal system, maijlis - assembly -> constitution and parliament, cleric review insistence and reform shah dissolved -> Russians controlled North and British the South maijlis = rubber stamp
68
Iran Final Shah
Reza Shah = modernization -> descendant = less legitimate, all power rule coup Massadep resigns -> western American hate khomeini = lead cleric in Qom = charisma, well learned -> ayatallah -> combined church and state; "all of islam is political" - clergy involvement in politics khumeini = eliminated opposition -> removal and execution , clerics decided government power -> vs embassy takeover = anti sentiment -> eliminate seculars Iraq vs Iran war -> american stance -> regret
69
Iran After Death
Rafsanjani = moderate -> more moderate -> corruption

AP Gov (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions