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AP Gov > Comp Gov Unit 1b > Flashcards

Comp Gov Unit 1b Flashcards

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1
Q

ideology

A

s system of ideas and ideals which form the basis of economic or political theory and public policy

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2
Q

four stages of ideology

A

perception - what is going wrong
evaluation - why things are going wrong
prescription - cure for the ills of society
movement - a way to carry out the cure

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3
Q

Karl Marx

A

anti-capitalism
marxism - the working class (proletariat) will take matters into their own hands and establish a new government against capitalism

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4
Q

Vladimir Lenin

A

leninism - a small revolutionary vanguard (bolsheviks)

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5
Q

Mao

A

China
maoism - peasantry

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6
Q

socialism

A

remove social inequalities typically through limited government ownership and redistribution of wealth within a democratic system

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7
Q

state socialism and communism in practice

A

political and economic centralization through a party state and command economy. Claims this “dictatorship of the proletariat” is temporary
government rules as a “democratic dictatorship”until society is ready to self-govern (the “end state”)

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8
Q

communism the theory

A

the end state. No government, no provisional property and creation of a classless, no exploitative and self-governing society
capitalism industrial revolutions caused inequality and maltreatment -> frustrated workers will rise up and take matters into their own hands by leading a revolution -> take all the assets of ex-business owners to support the new state after the government is overthrown

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9
Q

rubber stamp

A

legislation approves everything the president (or communist dictator) puts out

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10
Q

regime consolidation

A

make sure that the regime stays the way it is
All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter Revolution - secret police that killed people and silences opposition as their form of regime consolidation

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11
Q

Deja Vu All Over Again?

A

repetition of the past
Putin, Putin, and more Putin
gaining more control of political life, something that isn’t possible in industrial democracies
2008 - Putin chose Dmitri Medvedev as his successor while he became prime minister
two parties: United Russia (single party democratic system with this party) and Just Russia - both Putin and Kremlin’s work
weak economy; dependent on oil and gas as its only significant exports

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12
Q

Thinking About Russia

A

stakes of political life are way higher than other countries
Mikhail Khordorkovsky, who had unusual access to Boris Yeltsin, was convicted of many crimes

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13
Q

Russian Geography

A

also called the Russian Federation
largest country with a high population
cold and some snow
oil, natural gas, and many minerals underneath permafrost

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14
Q

Russian Diversity

A

mainly Russians with large RUssian minorities in other USSR countries
near abroad - independent republics that emerged after the dissolving of the Soviet Union
ethnic troubles and fighting in the Soviet Union 1980s -> reform and protest against discrimination -> violence and some legislation furthering discrimination -> diversion still continues today

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15
Q

Russian Poverty

A

very poor
standard of living for the people is lower than in the West
an emerging economy, but its growth and improvement is slow

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16
Q

Russia: The Environment

A

Soviet Union and Russia -> many nuclear weapons, Chernobyl of 1986 being the worst -> bad air, deaths, cancer and diseases, pollution, bad soil
example cities with bad conditions: Kemenevo and Karabash

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17
Q

The Evolution of the Russian State

A

past with Soviet Union plays a big role, partly because many politicians today were part of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU)

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18
Q

The Broad Sweep of Russian History

A

started in the 19th century
Kievans tribe and successors take over
Russia was able to get a good hold on their land after being overrun many times over
many things that reshaped Europe, like scientific revolution and Reformation, didn’t happen in Russia and left it behind
many, like Peter the Great, took ideas from West to reshape Russia, which led to Slavophiles, who thought that Russia was the greatest and didn’t need western stuff
defeat by Britain and France in Crimean War -> political forces in motion -> 1917 revolution

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19
Q

Russia: Prelude to Revolution: Backwardness

A

halfway into 19th century
VERY slow industrialization
most people still lived in the countryside

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20
Q

Russia: Prelude to Revolution: Failed Reform

A

Crimean War -> Alexander II -> limited reforms -> killed 1881 -> Alexander III took over -> reversed the reforms of his father

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21
Q

Russia: Prelude to Revolution: A Weak State

A

state grew weaker and weaker
Russian elites’ hopes of Russia being a world power were crushed by its international defeats

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22
Q

Lenin and the (Wrong?) Revolution

A

because of heavy policy and exiles, only a small group of revolutionaries called Marxists survived (capitalism before a socialist revolution); within this, Vladimir Lenin
What is to be done?
congress of the Social Democratic Party 1903 -> split on pinions towards Lenin’s ideas -> Mensheviks (anti Lenin) vs. Bolsheviks
tsar regime went down -> Bolsheviks rose, especially after Japanese debacle in 1905
WWI -> provisional government -> 1917 Bolsheviks overthrew the government and took over -> had little popular support on countryside
Brest Litovsk Treaty with Germany -> industrial production decreased -> many people died while other fled to cities
Civil War 1918
New Economic Policy encouraged peasants, merchants, and some industrialists to pursue private businesses
Soviet Union didn’t adapt totalitarian dictatorship, until Stalin came along

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23
Q

Lenin: What is to be Done?

A

only a small group of professional revolutionaries can be successful
democratic centralism
prevent the secret police from infiltrating

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24
Q

democratic centralism

A

discussion and debate would be allowed before the party decided to act, but once a decision was made, everyone had to obey it without question

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25
Q

provisional government

A

maintain power until a new government can be appointed by a regular political process, generally an election

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26
Q

Civil War 1918

A

tsar and provisional government supporters rose against Bolsheviks -> Bolsheviks created the Cheka - first secret police to enforce discipline, and brought back old elites and hired loyal commissioners to watch over the elites because they couldn’t be trusted
1921 -> Bolsheviks gained control of the entire country -> created SU -> maintained democratic centralism

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27
Q

Terror and the Modernization of the Soviet Union

A

despite Lenin’s treatment, Joseph Stalin was put in charge of the Bolsheviks -> one of the most painful periods in SU history

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28
Q

Russian Industrialization

A

Stalin went against the “capitalist encirclement” and made Russia the first socialist country
gave hope
enforced forced industrialization, like many other countries
2-pronged plan
resistance towards plan -> brutal treatment
-> rapid industrialization

29
Q

2-pronged plan

A

Stalin
1. used human labor; farmers in rural in state farms and peasants in cities; often used force and violence and many died
2. agricultural surplus -> industrialization
5-year plan - 1928-1932, doubling production of certain goods like steel, coal, oil, etc.
Gosplan - Central State Planning Commission; economic goals -> individual ministers turned them into quotas
resistance towards plan -> brutal treatment
-> rapid industrialization

30
Q

Russia Foreign Policy during Stalin

A

third International, or Comintern, went down and Stalin called for “socialism in one country”
went back and forth from pro to anti fascism, with and against Nazi germany
war -> SU and West tensions -> Cold War -> u-turn in SU policy

31
Q

Russia: The Purges

A

although violent, Stalin did help SU a lot
many purges - communist party got rid of members and rivals of party
“Congress of Victors” -> Sergei Kirov won against Stalin -> Kirov assassinated -> Stalin ordered torture and trials to find out who was involved -> MANY died innocently
purges and execution -> drainage of party enthusiasm -> people used humor to cope
LOTS of executions for little to no reason

32
Q

Khrushchev, Brezhnev, and the Politics of Decline

A

1953 Stalin died -> no more brutal leadership -> Nikita Khrushchev
20th century Party Congress -> Khrushchev’s secret speech -> details of Stalin’s crimes -> reversing of Stalin’s strict rules and “peaceful coexistence” to relax tensions with the West
still faced a good amount of opposition
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis -> SU defeat -> Khrushchev critics saw this as an embarrassment -> Khrushchev replaced by Leonid Brezhnev
faced economic decline, which he didn’t do much for in order to protect party’s monopoly on political life and the centrally controlled economy
economy continued to decline even after his death
Gorbacheve eventually took over: was he somber gray or colorful and enthusiastic?
=

33
Q

The Collapse of the Soviet

A

Gorbachev’s reforms went far enough to strike opposition, but not to challenge the party’s power, so in the end he failed

34
Q

Russia: The Party State

A

CPSU was the only party that really mattered and had many members because it was the only road to success
party congress was important but least influential in the sense that it ratified decisions made by the party elite, like the Central Commission
self-perpetuating bodies: Politburo and Secretariat
elites were at the top and controlled those on the bottom: nomenklatura
Lenin’s system persevered

35
Q

Politburo

A

principal policymaking committee in the SU

36
Q

secretariat

A

oversaw the work of the party apparatus

37
Q

nomentlatura

A

lists of important position and people qualified to fill them

38
Q

Russian Reform

A

reforms to make the SU catch up to the West
influential people increased -> opinions and debate increased -> shrinking center

39
Q

Russia: Glasnost

A

one of the reforms to change political culture
def: openness, government started to make things more open to the public
less censorship -> open mass media -> people started to vent their frustrations about the last 70 yeats
national movement among the country’s minorities challenged the legitimacy of the SU state itself

40
Q

Russian Democratization

A

in order for glasnost to work, we would need a level of western democracy
party’s monopoly on power changed and strengthen pres
new Party -> Congress of People’s Deputies -> partially free elections
Gorbachev helped to democratize but not enough to weaken CPSU
opposition to his right increased

41
Q

Perestroika

A

rapidly declining economy when Gorbachev took office, ie couldn’t participate in international economy because of foreign trade laws and SU currency
tried radial economic reform -> didn’t work -> perestroika - total restructuring of economy -> party’s economic power decreased and private ownership and individualism increased
five broad initiations by 1980s
Gorbachev team dissatisfied party hierarchy by giving away power and increasingly impatient people

42
Q

perestroika: 5 broad initiatives by 1980s

A

certain market mechanisms under state ownership
existence of small, privately owned companies
market value for goods and services; no crazy prices
restriction with foreign firms decreased

43
Q

Russian Foreign Policy during Gorbachev

A

ended cold war
decreased nuclear testing money, which took up 1.4 of the gross national product
Gorbachev envisioned an international world with peaceful resolutions -> opposition from back home

44
Q

Russia Crisis and Collapse

A

communism was collapsing and SU was growing weaker
1991 June -> Yeltsin became president
KGB warned against liberal reforms -> Union Treaty to be signed when Gorbachev gives 10/15 republics autonomy in policymaking -> was delayed because he got sick -> vice president Genradi Yanagev took his spot
troops formed a coup in Moscow and other cities -> Yeltsin responded quickly and shut it down -> Gorbachev came back, but Union Treaty was so far gone as the republics had broke off and created the Commonwealth of Independent States -> forced to resign -> end of SU

45
Q

dual rule

A

two separate part of government, but one is more powerful than the other party state the party is the actual state or government

46
Q

Hu’s Not the First

A

smoothly goes from one leader to the next
Hu Jintao is chairman is Chinese Communist Party and president of People’s Republic of China
Xi Jinping took over after him, head the Central Military Commission, time of economic growth
China may decine because it puts economy over political reform on communism; economic stance since Deng Xiaoping of 1970s
Hu Jintao was one of the smoothest transitions in communism; world’s most stable regime

47
Q

China: The Basics

A

large population
limited natural resources, 1/4 arable land, water shortage, dangerously fast industrialization
90% ethnically Chinese with little political importance on minorities
many differences China dialect, but Mandarin is the lingua franca
national superiority with little outside influence
not as much overall change has occurred as in the West
lots of poverty; 100 million are middle-class
social and economic growth, ie life expectancy and literacy
don’t overestimate its political and economic power
People’s Liberation Army (PLA), not as strong as the US
only time can tell what will happen

48
Q

The Evolution of the Chinese State

A

lots of reasons for Chinese today besides Marxism

49
Q

The Broad Sweep of Chinese History

A

history starts with Confucianism
300 BC: well-established bureaucratic system where bureaucrats had government jobs -> Qin mobilized other regional kingdoms -> one unified kingdom
cycle of declining dynasties because of bad emperors being overthrown and replaced with a new dynasty

50
Q

Qing

A

the last dynasty that ended in 1911
led by Manchurians
decline in 18th century
popular growth > agricultural growth -> angry peasants
Chinese traditions > industrialization

51
Q

China 19th century

A

British and America took control
British won Opium Wars
Taiping Rebellion
extraterritoriality
-> Chinese were powerless, authority-less, and humiliated

52
Q

extraterritoriality

A

Europe’s laws, not China’s applied to the activities of Europeans in China

53
Q

Japan and China history

A

Japan won the Sino-Japanese War 1894-95 -> joined America in de facto and controlled parts of China -> China realized they ahd to change -> from tradition to what Chen Duxin called “Mr. Science and Mr. Democracy” -> modernization
although some reforms continued, Chinese elites halted educational improvements towards modernization -> China’s weaknesses revealed -> revolutionaries

54
Q

The Failed Revolution of China

A

Sun Yat Sen was a huge revolutionary who was the head of the revolutionary Alliance, or Kuomintary/National Party
1911: revolutionaries broke own overthrowing the batuhan government, when Sun became president of
there were differences between revolutionaries that Kuomintary never had much control of and warlords mainly controlled it
1919 Treaty of Versailles -> young China and May 4th Movement against traditional values -> quickly collapsed because of poor organization

55
Q

China Stands Up and Communism Increases

A

young people took on Marxism -> formation of CCP
Chiang Kai-Shek took over after Sun died, one example of how Bolsheviks inspired KMT
communism increased -> tensions between CCP and KMT increased -> KMT and 1926 Northern Expedition -> CCP support decreased
April 1927 - KMT forced attacked CCP and only 5,000 CCP members survived
Mao Zedong
first attack on Changsha didn’t work and Mao quickly realized that conventional warfare won’t work -> October 1934 - diversionary counterattack successful against KMT
Long March
January 1936 Politburo elected Mao chairman -> Bolshevik notion on revolution was gone and replaced by mass line
eventually CCP became more Marxist and socialist that Russia
battle against Japan
WWII ended -> KMT were stronger with Stalin support -> leader of communist army Lin Biao 1946 took control of Manchuria and south through guerilla war -> KMT went down -> communists created the PRC

56
Q

Mao Zedong

A

guerilla war, uprisings won’t work and the only revolution that will work is one that takes years to put together by the PEASANTRY

57
Q

Long March

A

CCP vs KMT battles on the year-long march to Yuman -> only 10% survived, but success for CCP because party spent time uniting itself and organizing

58
Q

Chiang and the battle against Japan

A

Chiang captured 1936 -> Zhou Enlai led a fight against Japan -> KMT and CCP allied, but CCP got most credit -> spearheaded resistance

59
Q

Since Mao’s Death

A

liberal -> private ownership
no Marxism
leadership more unified
mostly moderates coexist, thanks to Deng, who led China to Economic reform

60
Q

Iran Overview

A

known as Persia until 1935
narius and cyrus empires
muslim principles -> theocracy (Sharia) law
nuclear weapons accusation

61
Q

Islamic Revolution

A

1979
strailed western relations -> sanctions = hurt international oil economy
subsidy policy = oil exports to keep prices low = 2010 new reform poorer = benefit Iran = Islam religion based

62
Q

Iran Religion Basics

A

most muslims are sunni, Iran is Shiites > more militant/orthodox
Ali followers = Shiite -> descentant system established clergy, theological training
black turbans = direct descendants, encourage debate of key principles, Quran, Sharia
fundamentalism
two main traditions = Shiism and Persia - Pahlavi vs clergy
emphasis on land, history and intellect vs tradition, faith = rural areas/slims

63
Q

Iran Society

A

poor
limited women’s rights, imposed after 1979 - Islamic Revolution changed things
stonings and executions, entire coverings, arrestings, rebelling/violations
large young population
Shirin Ebadi: judge, nobel peace 2003
Haleh Esfandiari: professor, unnecessarily arrested

64
Q

Persia and Shiite

A

constant byzantine, islamic, and mongol rule -> constant outsider fear
sufi mystical tradition -> political and religious movement -> Ismall Shah -> fought sunni otoman attacks -> shiism
became authoritarian -> monarchs dominant -> hierarchal around religion
shiism

65
Q

shiism

A

respected learned scholars and prophet descendants
weakened by time

66
Q

Iran outside influence

A

secularization - rid hierarchy, separate church and state, growing middle class

67
Q

1905 - 1911 Iran

A

constitutional revolution -> firl Islam status, economic reforms, legal system, maijlis - assembly -> constitution and parliament, cleric review insistence and reform
shah dissolved -> Russians controlled North and British the South
maijlis = rubber stamp

68
Q

Iran Final Shah

A

Reza Shah = modernization -> descendant = less legitimate, all power rule
coup Massadep resigns -> western American hate
khomeini = lead cleric in Qom = charisma, well learned -> ayatallah -> combined church and state; “all of islam is political” - clergy involvement in politics
khumeini = eliminated opposition -> removal and execution , clerics decided government power -> vs embassy takeover = anti sentiment -> eliminate seculars
Iraq vs Iran war -> american stance -> regret

69
Q

Iran After Death

A

Rafsanjani = moderate -> more moderate -> corruption

AP Gov (5 decks)

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