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Unit 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

Criminalistics

A

Largest area of forensic science, science applied to solving crimes

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1
Q

Forensic science

A

Science in the service of the law

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2
Q

Physical evidence

A

Objects or things connected to a crime Ex. Blood, DNA

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3
Q

Non physical evidence

A

Verbal testimony about a crime

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4
Q

Karyotype

A

Map or picture of chromosomes of a cell arranged into their homologous pairs

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5
Q

Mutation

A

change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

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7
Q

Physical evidence vs non physical evidence

A

physical touch, non physical can’t touch

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8
Q

Three types of cells that do not contain a complete copy of the DNA what are they and what portion of a persons DNA do they contain

A

egg, sperm, and red blood cells

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9
Q

Give example of a genetic marker used in criminal investigation (especially in past)

A

Male (XY) vs Female (XX)

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10
Q

Do you need to be alive to win a Nobel prize

A

Yes

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11
Q

How many people can share a noble prize

A

3

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12
Q

Why are Nobel prizes given to research done many years in the past

A

time to prove itself worthy

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13
Q

What are two possible results of a mutation in a normal body cell

A

errors of replication or chemicals or radiation

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13
Q

DNA

A

molecule of heredity common to all life forms that is passed from parents to offspring

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14
Q

What are two possible results of a mutation in an egg or sperm cell

A

can be passed on, will be in all body cells

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15
Q

chromosome

A

a single large DNA molecule wrapped around proteins. chromosomes are located in the nuclei of most eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

nucleotides

A

the building blocks of DNA each nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base. the sequence of nucleotide (As, Cs, Gs, and Ts) along a DNA strand is unique to each person

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17
Q

double helix

A

the spiral structure formed by two strand of DNA nucleotide bound together

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18
Q

DNA profile

A

a visual representation of a person’s unique DNA sequence

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19
Q

DNA replication

A

the natural process by which cells make and exact copy of a DNA molecule

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20
Q

PCR polymerase chain reaction

A

a laboratory technique used to replicate and thus amplify a specific DNA segment

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21
Q

a. What two types of molecules make up a chromosome?

A

DNA protein

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22
Q

b. Where are chromosomes found in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Nuclei

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23
Q

c. How many chromosomes are found in a human cell?

A

46

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24
Q

d. How many of your chromosomes come from your mother?

A

23

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25
Q

a. Describe the basic structure of the DNA molecule

A

double helix, twisted ladder

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26
Q

b. What are the four different nucleotides of DNA?

A

adenine, thymine, guanine. cytosine

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27
Q

c. Explain why the two strands are considered to be “complementary”

A

they will bond together, have same amount of bonds

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28
Q

d. If you know the sequence of nucleotides on one strand of DNA you automatically know the sequence on the other strand. Explain why.

A

A with T, C with G

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29
Q

e. What is the function of DNA in living organisms?

A

genetic codes

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30
Q
  1. Describe the semiconservative replication of DNA
A

two copies of the original DNA exist. each molecule consists of an original and a new strand

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31
Q

a. Describe how PCR and DNA replication are similar.

A

they both replicate DNA

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32
Q

b. Describe how PCR and DNA replication are different.

A

PCR happens in a test tube and only replicate certain regions

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33
Q

c. During PCR, what is used to separate the DNA strands to initiate replication?

A

heat

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34
Q

d. How many copies of a DNA segment can a PCR generate in a few hours?

A

billions

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35
Q
  1. The discovery of DNA as the genetic molecule involved several scientists. Describe the scientific contributions of the following scientists to the discovery of the structure of DNA?
    a. James Watson
A

chemical basis of inheritance

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36
Q
  1. The discovery of DNA as the genetic molecule involved several scientists. Describe the scientific contributions of the following scientists to the discovery of the structure of DNA?
    b. Francis Crick
A

chemical basis of inheritance

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37
Q
  1. The discovery of DNA as the genetic molecule involved several scientists. Describe the scientific contributions of the following scientists to the discovery of the structure of DNA?
    c. Maurice Wilkins.
A

contributed to the scientific understanding of phosphorescence, isotope separation, optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction,

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38
Q
  1. The discovery of DNA as the genetic molecule involved several scientists. Describe the scientific contributions of the following scientists to the discovery of the structure of DNA?
    d. Rosalind Franklin
A

the water loving phosphate groups of DNA must be on the outside, xray defections confirmed that the elongated form a of DNA had all the characteristics of a twisting helix

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39
Q
  1. The discovery of DNA as the genetic molecule involved several scientists. Describe the scientific contributions of the following scientists to the discovery of the structure of DNA?
    e. Erwin Chargaff
A

base pairing

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40
Q
  1. DNA testing has helped the Innocence Project free more than 300 people from prison since 1992, including how many who served time on death row?
A

18

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41
Q
  1. How did Barry Bench die?
A

suicide, ran in front of truck

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42
Q
  1. What piece of evidence from the original case yielded mixtures of DNA, containing DNA from the victim and another person?
A

nightshirt

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43
Q
  1. What is the name of the scientist who developed the method known as PCR (and later won the Nobel prize for his/her work)?
A

Kary Mullis

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44
Q

homologous chromosome

A

a pair of chromosomes that both contain the same genes. In a diploid cell, one chromosome in the pair is inherited from the mother, the other from the father

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45
Q

diploid

A

having 2 copies of every chromosomes

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46
Q

haploid

A

having only 1 copy of every chromosome

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47
Q

phenotype

A

the visual or measurable features of an individual

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48
Q

genotype

A

the particular genetic makeup of an individual

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49
Q

gametes

A

specialized reproductive cells that carry one copy of each chromosome (haploid) sperm are male gametes eggs are female gametes

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50
Q

meiosis

A

specialized type of nuclear division that generates genetically unique haploid gametes

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51
Q

zygote

A

cell that is capable of developing into an adult organism. the zygote is formed when an egg is fertilized by a sperm

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52
Q

embryo

A

an early stage of development reached when a zygote undergoes cell division to form a multicellular structure

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53
Q

recombination

A

an event in meiosis during which maternal and paternal chromosomes pair and physically exchange DNA segments

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54
Q

independent assortment

A

the principle that alleles of different genes are distributed independently of one another during meiosis

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55
Q

ovaries

A

paired female reproductive organs, the ovaries contain eggs and produce estrogen and progesterone

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56
Q

oviducts

A

the tube connecting an ovary and the uterus in females. eggs are ovulated into and fertilized within the oviducts

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57
Q

uterus

A

the muscular organ in females in which a fetus develops

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58
Q

vagina

A

the first part of the female reproductive tract, extending up to the cervix; also known as the birth canal

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59
Q

cervix

A

the opening or neck of the uterus where sperm enter and babies exit

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60
Q

fertilization

A

the fusion of an egg and a sperm

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61
Q

semen

A

the mixture of fluid and sperm that is ejaculated from the penis

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62
Q

testes

A

paired male reproductive organs, which contain sperm and produce androgens

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63
Q

scrotum

A

the sac in which the testes are held

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64
Q

vas deferens

A

paired tubes that carry sperm from the testes to the urethra

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65
Q

urethra

A

tube that connects the bladder to the genitals and carries urine out of the body. in males the urethra travels through the penis and also carries sperm

66
Q
  1. Give two symptoms of the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF).
A

mucus clogs airways

can’t digest well

67
Q
  1. What is the most common fatal genetic disease in the United States?
A

Cystic fibrosis

68
Q

a. Where does each of the chromosomes in a homologous pair come from?

A

one from father and one from mother

69
Q

b. How many homologous pairs of chromosomes are found in human cells?

A

46

70
Q

a. Are gametes haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

71
Q

b. How many chromosomes are in a human gamete?

A

23

72
Q

c. Are there homologous pairs in a gamete?

A

no

73
Q

d. What is the gamete produced by females?

A

egg

74
Q

e. What is the gamete produced by males?

A

sperm

75
Q

a. When does DNA replication happen? (Before or after cell division)

A

before

76
Q

b. How many cell divisions happen in meiosis?

A

2

77
Q
  1. Compare and contrast the cell division processes of mitosis and meiosis
A

mitosis copies and reproduces cells from one cell to two daughter cells. meiosis takes a gamete with only 23 chromosomes and connects to another gamete. they fertilize and split into 4

78
Q
  1. Why does recombination and independent assortment occur during meiosis (what is its function)?
A

recombination does so that the maternal and paternal chromosomes switch around with each other. independent assortment is that each pair of chromosomes switches separately from others (not a package deal) so that offspring will have different DNA

79
Q
  1. Female reproductive system ((Infographic 30.1.) Be able to identify the labeled parts (ovaries, cervix, vagina, oviducts, and uterus).
A

ok

80
Q
  1. Male reproductive system (Infographic 30.2). Be able to identify the labeled parts (testes, vas deferens, urethra, penis, scrotum)
A

ok

82
Q
  1. What is the difference between semen and sperm?
A

semen is a mixture of fluids (fructose, alkaline bases) containing sperm
sperm is a cell (gamete) with only 23 chromosomes

83
Q

Where in the female reproductive tract does fertilization actually occur?

A

oviducts (fallopian tubes)

84
Q

a. How long can sperm live (remain viable) inside the female reproductive tract?

A

3-7 days

85
Q

b. What makes a zygote into an embryo?

A

cell division

86
Q

c. Where does embryonic and fetal development occur in the female reproductive tract (what part)?

A

uterus

86
Q

b. What is the fundamental difference in the way fertilization happens in fish compared to humans, mammals, birds, and reptiles?

A

n

88
Q

b. What is the fundamental difference in the way fertilization happens in fish compared to humans, mammals, birds, and reptiles?

A

outside of body

88
Q
  1. What is the name of the 5-girl rock ‘n’ roll band featured in Chapter 11?
A

Hellen

89
Q

c. Which type of cell division (meiosis or mitosis) does bacterial reproduction most resemble? Explain.

A

mitosis

90
Q
  1. How many babies are born with cystic fibrosis each year?
A

2500

92
Q
  1. What is the failure rate for barriers as a contraceptive method
A

2-21%

93
Q
  1. What is the average cost of a single round of IVF treatment?
A

$12,400

94
Q

recessive allele

A

an allele that reveals itself in the phenotype only if masking dominant allele is not present; lower case letter

95
Q

dominate allele

A

an allele that can mask the presence of a recessive allele uppercase letter

96
Q

heterozygous

A

having 2 different alleles

97
Q

homozygous

A

having 2 identical alleles

98
Q

Punnett square

A

a diagram used to determine probabilities of offspring having particular genotypes, given the genotypes of the parents

99
Q

carrier

A

an individual who is heterozygous for a particular gene of interest, and therefore can pass on the recessive allele without showing any of its effects

100
Q

law of segregation

A

when an organism produces gametes, the two alleles for an given trait separate so that each gamete receives only one allele. consequently, each parent donates only one of any two alleles to any offspring. the alleles don’t blend but remain as discrete pieces of information as the pass from one generation to the next

101
Q

law of independent assortment

A

two alleles for any given trait will segregate independently from and other alleles when passed on to gametes, consequently, each gamete may acquire any possible allele combination and traits

102
Q

blood

A

a collection of cells that circulate within a protein-rich salty fluid called plasma

103
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, no nucleus, carries oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide away, live about 120 days constantly being replaced by new cells produced in your bone marrow

104
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells, denfend the body, make up less than 1% of cells but only component that has a nucleus, attack and kill foreign cells makes antibodies to fight disease

105
Q

a. For the following examples, indicate if the individual is homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous: AA

A

homozygous dominant

106
Q

a. For the following examples, indicate if the individual is homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous: Aa

A

heterozygous

107
Q

a. For the following examples, indicate if the individual is homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous: aa

A

homozygous recessive

108
Q
  1. Assume a genetic disorder is caused by a recessive allele (also see infographic 11.7).
    a. Would a heterozygous carrier show symptoms of the disorder?
A

no

109
Q

Assume a genetic disorder is caused by a recessive allele

b. Could this person pass the recessive allele on to his/her children?

A

yes

110
Q

Assume a genetic disorder is caused by a recessive allele

If both parents are heterozygous carriers, what is the chance that their child will ; Not have the disorder?

A

75%

111
Q

Assume a genetic disorder is caused by a recessive allele

If both parents are heterozygous carriers, what is the chance that their child will ; Have the disorder?

A

25%

112
Q
  1. Assume a genetic trait is caused by a dominant allele (also see infographic 11.8)
    a. For the following genotypes, indicate if the individual would have the trait (show the disease):
    i. TT
A

yes

113
Q
  1. Assume a genetic trait is caused by a dominant allele (also see infographic 11.8)
    a. For the following genotypes, indicate if the individual would have the trait (show the disease):
    ii. Tt
A

yes

114
Q
  1. Assume a genetic trait is caused by a dominant allele (also see infographic 11.8)
    a. For the following genotypes, indicate if the individual would have the trait (show the disease):
    iii. tt
A

no

115
Q
  1. Assume a genetic trait is caused by a dominant allele b. If both parents are heterozygous, what is the chance that their child will:
    i. Have the trait?
A

75%

116
Q
  1. Assume a genetic trait is caused by a dominant allele b. If both parents are heterozygous, what is the chance that their child will:
    ii. Not have the trait?
A

25%

117
Q
  1. What is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (how is it done)?
A

by IVF you can select the embryos without defects to be implanted

118
Q
  1. Why do some couples use pre-implantation genetic diagnosis?
A

so that their children won’t develop the diseases they could inherit

119
Q
  1. Researchers have long puzzled over why the disease varies in two people with identical CF alleles. What have scientists found in recent years, dealing with genes and alleles, that helps to explain this situation?
A

scientists have found that other genes on different chromosome that can contribute to the severity of CF symptoms

120
Q
  1. Inheritance of two genes (see infographic 11.9). The genotypes of both parents are AaDd.
    a. List the 4 possible allele combinations that can be found in their gametes (remember: since these cells are haploid, they only contain 1 copy of each allele)
A

AD,Ad,aD,ad

121
Q

Inheritance of two genes (see infographic 11.9). The genotypes of both parents are AaDd.
b. How many of the 16 possible offspring will have genotype AaDd?

A

4

122
Q

Inheritance of two genes (see infographic 11.9). The genotypes of both parents are AaDd.
c. How many will be homozygous recessive for both genes?

A

1

123
Q

MENDELS’ GARDEN

  1. List several traits that Mendel studied. How many forms were possible for each of these traits?
A

seed shape, seed color, pod shape, pod color, flower color, stem length. 2 for each

124
Q
  1. Mendel began his experiments with plants that “bred true”. Based on what you learned in Chapter 11, would you conclude that these plants were homozygous or heterozygous?
A

homozygous

125
Q
  1. Mendel crossed white-flowered plants with purple-flowered plants.
    a. How did he prevent self-pollination?
A

removing male parts from plants

126
Q
  1. Mendel crossed white-flowered plants with purple-flowered plants.
    b. What color flower did the offspring (F1 generation) produce?
A

purple

127
Q
  1. Mendel crossed white-flowered plants with purple-flowered plants.
    c. Be able to explain how the recessive trait (white flowers) reappears in the F2 generation (see Infographic M4.3)
A

by having both recessive allele from each parent (rr)

128
Q
  1. Be able to explain how Infographic M4.4 shows the law of independent assortment.
A

offspring can display any combo of the different traits. rather than inheriting traits together

129
Q

FROM LECTURE NOTES

1. About how much blood does an average adult human have?

A

5-6 quarts

130
Q
  1. Give two important molecules found dissolved in blood plasma.
A

proteins and salts

131
Q
  1. Blood cells

a. What is special about the genetic component of erythrocytes?

A

no nucleus

132
Q
  1. Blood cells

b. What is the main role of erythrocytes in the human body?

A

carries oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide away

133
Q
  1. Blood cells

c. About what % of blood cells are leukocytes?

A

1%

134
Q
  1. Blood cells

d. What is the main role of leukocytes in the human body?

A

fight infections

135
Q
  1. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the four major groups of human blood types?
A

AB,Ab,aB, ab

A, B, AB, O

136
Q
  1. Who was the Punnett square named after?
A

Reginald C. Punnett

137
Q
  1. Where did Mendel study math, physics, zoology, botany, and plant physiology?
A

University of Vienna

138
Q
  1. What is the scientific name for the pea plant? (from photo on pg. 253)
A

Pisum sativum

139
Q
  1. Type AB blood is considered to be “codominant”. What does that mean?
A

if your mother passes on the A allele and your father passes on the B allele, you will be genotypically “AB” and phenotypically “blood type AB”. This differs, say for example with a A and O - A is completely dominant. If a person is genotypically “AO” then they are phenotypically “blood type A”.

140
Q

autosomes

A

paired chromosomes present in both males and females, all chromosomes except the x and y chromosomes

141
Q

sex chromosomes

A

Paired chromosomes that differ between males and females, XX in females, XY in males

142
Q

X-linked trait

A

a phenotype determined by an allele on an X chromosome

143
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

a form in inheritance in which heterozygotes have a phenotype that in intermediate between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive

144
Q

Co dominance

A

a form of inheritance in which both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype

145
Q

contiuous variation

A

Variation in a population showing an unbroken range of phenotypes rather than discrete categories

146
Q

polygenic trait

A

a trait whose phenotype is determined by the interaction among alleles of more than one gene

147
Q

Multifactorial inheritance

A

an interaction between genes and the environment that contributes to a phenotype or trait

148
Q

anueploidy

A

an abnormal numbner of one or more chromosomes (either extra or missing copies)

149
Q

Nondisjuction

A

the failure of chromosomes to separate accurately during cell division; nondisjunction in meiosis lead to aneuploid gametes

150
Q

Trisomy 21

A

carrying an extra copy of chromosome 21; also known as Down syndrome

151
Q

Amniocentesis

A

a procedure that removes fluid surrounding the fetus to obtain and analyze fetal cells to diagnose genetic disorders

152
Q

Nuclear DNA*

A

the DNA found in the nucleus of the cell; most used for forensic

153
Q

Mitochondrial DNA*

A

DNA from your mother

154
Q

Restriction enzymes*

A

isolated from certain species of bacteria; evolved as a way for bacteria to destroy the DNA of invading viruses

155
Q

Karyotype

A

the chromosomal makeup of cells. Karyotype analysis can be used to detect trisomy 21 prenatally

156
Q
  1. X and Y chromosomes

a. How many sex chromosomes are in an egg?

A

2, 1 pair (XX)

157
Q
  1. X and Y chromosomes

b. How many are in a sperm cell?

A

2, 1 pair (XY)

158
Q
  1. X and Y chromosomes

c. What determines if a baby will be a boy or a girl, the sperm or the egg (or both)?

A

sperm

159
Q
  1. Why do X-linked traits affect sons with higher frequency than daughters?
    a. Identify three specific X-linked disorders.
A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy, color blindness, hemophilia

160
Q
  1. Why do X-linked traits affect sons with higher frequency than daughters?
    b. Are the alleles that cause problems dominant or recessive?
A

recessive

161
Q
  1. Why do X-linked traits affect sons with higher frequency than daughters?
    c. Can a woman be color blind?
A

yes, rarely

162
Q
  1. Why do X-linked traits affect sons with higher frequency than daughters?
    d. Understand the inheritance pattern of X-linked recessive traits (Infographic 12.2).
A

recessive mutatuion on the X chromosome; affects males because they only inherit one copy of X; a single DMD allele determines their phenotype; females have two X chromosomes, may have mutation but it won’t show

163
Q
  1. Why does the Y chromosome persist relatively unchanged from generation to generation?
A

Y chromosomes don’t have homologous chromosome with which to pair and exchange DNA during meiosis; rarely goes through genetic recombination

Bio 120 (3 decks)

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