Chapter 1 Flashcards
independent variable
variable or factor being deliberately changed in the experimental group.ex coffee consumption
dependent variable
the outcome that ma depend on coffee consumption ex memory tests
sample size
number of experimental subjects orr number ot times the experiment is repeated. in human studies sample size is the number of participants.
statistical significance
measure of confidence that the results obtained are real and not due to chance
scientific theory
explanation of the natural world that is supported by a large body of evidence and has never been disproved
epidemiology
the study of patterns of disease in populations including risk factors
correlation
consistent relationship between two variables
Cancer
Disease of unregulated cell division. Cells divide inappropriately and accumulate in some instances forming a tumor
Chemotherapy
Treatment of disease specifically cancer by the use of chemicals
Mitosis
Segregation and separation of duplicated chromosomes during cell division
Cytokinesis
Physical division cell into two daughter cells
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death often refered to as cellular suicide.
Tumor
Mass of cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division
Metastasis
Spread of cancer cells from one location in the body to another
Radiation therapy
Use of ionizing high energy radiation to treat cancer
anecdotal evidence
informal observstion that has not been scientifically tested. ex a poll of your classmates
hypothesis
tentative explanation for a scientifiec observation of question. must be testable and falsifiable. ex coffee helps imorove memory
experimental group
group in experiment that experiences the experiamntal interention or manipulation. ex the group with the coffee
control group
group in experiment that expeirences not experimental intervention or manipulation. ex the group with the coffee.
placebo
fake treatment given to control group that mimics the epperience of the experimental group. ex liqiud that is dark and bitter but is not coffee
six steps of scientific investigation
observe, study peer reviews, make scientific hypothesis, carry out controlled ezperiments, analyze experimental data, make conclusions
why only one variable?
that way you know what you are testing
what other variables might you want to control?
activity, gender, age, diseases
why is sample size important
it can rule out chances. the bigger the sample size the more statistical significance
correlation does not equal causation
your can have similar results but there are other factors that could be effecting it. coffee and parkinson’s. people who drank less coffee had lesser people with parkinson’s but also with smoking
what did a 14 yr old die of in maryland? name and amount
2-24 oz monster drinks. died of cardiac arrhythmia
Mutation
Change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
Mutagen
Chemical or physical agent that can damage DNA by changing its sequence
Carcinogen
Chemical agent that causes cancer by damaging DNA type of mutagen
Oncogene
Mutated and overactive form of a proton-oncogene. oncogenes drive cells to divide normally
oncology
study of cancer
Benign tumor
noncancerous tumor that will not spread throughout the body
Malignant tumor
cancerous tumor that spreads throughout the body
3 possible outcomes of mistakes in DNA replication
DNA not repaired
DNA repaired correctly
DNA repaired incorrectly
two types of genes that cause most cancers
proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor
3 men start smoking at 17, one gets lung cancer at 36, one at 68 and one dies of heart disease at 92. What is going on
the man who got cancer at 38 could have had a mutated gene passed to him. the one at 68 could have genes that just mutated. At 92 he could just be old and his heart was weakened by smoking.
do all mutations cause cancer.
No because genes mutate themselves. it is the genes that mutate and reproduce that will cause cancer. Some mutations actually help a person.
herediary and predisposed.
a gene or cancer that is passed in reproduction. it happens in the zygote.
someone inherits a gene connected to breast cancer, what tissues will have the mutated gene
the tissuses around the breasts, under shoulders, up towards neck
What is the difference between a mutagen and a carcinogen
a mutagen is a factor that will cause a mutation in the DNA swquence. A carcinogen can cause cancer by changing the DNA sequence
experiment to test whether captain crunch will cause cancer. epidemolgy or experimental
epidemology because it is unethical to give a person something that could harm them
why does ethic background affect hereditary dispositions
They can come from a small population, community expands and contracts, and incest
can a person with a genetic disease give it to a spouse or coworker
No for a genetic disease to affect you it must be passed down from parents and formed in the zygote
where was adherns father from
Germany
what is the carrier rate for tay sachs in jews and general population
1 in 25; 1 in 250
antibiotic
a chemical that can slow or stop the growth off bacteriaa. many are produced from living organisms
cell theory
concept that all living things are made of cells and that cell are formed by the reproduction of existing cells
Prokaryotic cells
cells that lack internal membrane bound organelles
eukaryotic cells
cells that contain a membrane bound organelles including a nucleus
organelles
the membrane bound compartment od ukaryotic cells that carry out specific functions
cell membrane
a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of all cells
cytoplasm
the gelatinous aqueous interior of all cells
ribosome
a complex of RNA and proteins that carries out protein synthesis
nucleus
organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material
cell wall
rigid structure that encloses the cell membrane of some cells that helps the cell maintain shape
mitochondria
membrane bound organelles important for energy conversion in eukaryote
chloroplast
organelle in plant cells that is the site of photosynthesis
stem cells
immature cells that can divide and become specialized cells
tissue
organized group of different cell types that work togehterto carry out a particular function
cellular differentiation
the process by which a cell specializes to carry out a specific role
differential gene expression
the process by which genes are turned on or expressed in different cell types
multipotent
describes a cell with the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types in the body
pleuripotent
a cell that can differentiate into almost any cell in the body
function of endoplasmic reticulum
proteins and lipids are synthesized
what makes antibiotics special is not just their ability to bill bacteria——-Explain
it is that they destruct bacteria without harming person or animal even when taken orally. (bleach kills bacteria just fine)
what are the two main ideas of cell theory
all living things are made of cells and other cells originate from reproduction of current/old cells
where do antibiotics come from
mold
how does penicillin work to kill bacteria
it is produced through mold and it kills the bacteria without harm. it breaks down the cell wall
how does streptomycin kill abcteria
It inhibits protein synthesis
since antibiotics get through cell walls why does it not kill plants
because plants have cellulose in cell wall
two reasons why we are starting to resist antibiotics
overuse,and misuse
two similarities and two differences of eukaryotic and prkaryotic cells
eukaryotes have cell membranes around organelles and a nuecleus, prokaryotes dont have organelles with membranes and no nucleus. make up living things, carry out certain fuctions
one similarity and one difference between embryonic and adult stem cells
they can both be used to regenerate. embryonic can be turned into any cell and adult can be turned into a couple cell types
two sources of embyonic stem cells
cloning and discarded fetuses
explain how two cells with same genes can turn into specialized cells with vey different functions
they make speficic protein sequence and that gives a specific fucntion
what food item was growing a mold that yeiled more penicilin. mary hunt
cantoloupe
what percentage of penicilin are we now resistant to
90%
in 2006 what organ did anthony atala succefully transplant
bladder
how quickly are the following turnover rate: skin, liver, lens of eye
skin- 2-3 weeks, liver 300-500 days, lens of eye never replaced
- Match the following statements with the appropriate phase of drug approval (Pre-Clinical; Phase 1; Phase 2; Phase 3; Phase 4)
a. Drug is tested in a small number of patients (100-300) with the targeted disease
1
Match the following statements with the appropriate phase of drug approval (Pre-Clinical; Phase 1; Phase 2; Phase 3; Phase 4)
b. Companies also look for additional applications for the drug, beyond the disease it was originally approved for
4
Match the following statements with the appropriate phase of drug approval (Pre-Clinical; Phase 1; Phase 2; Phase 3; Phase 4)
c. Researchers look for best delivery system (oral, topical, intravenous, etc.)
2
Match the following statements with the appropriate phase of drug approval (Pre-Clinical; Phase 1; Phase 2; Phase 3; Phase 4)
d. Drug is tested in a small number (under 100) of healthy individuals
preclinical
Match the following statements with the appropriate phase of drug approval (Pre-Clinical; Phase 1; Phase 2; Phase 3; Phase 4)
e. FDA approval at end of this Phase
3
- Pre-Clinical Phase – Drug discovery
a. What are three things that investigators determine during this phase?
correct dosage level
how frequently it should be administered
best delivery system (oral, topical, intravenous, etc.)
Pre-Clinical Phase – Drug discovery
b. Are these studies usually done on human subjects? If not, what is used?
usually on animals
Pre-Clinical Phase – Drug discovery
c. How long does this phase take (in general)?
3.5 years
Pre-Clinical Phase – Drug discovery
d. What happens to most drugs tested in this phase?
rejected
- Phase 1 studies
a. Are Phase 1 subjects (volunteers) made up of sick or healthy people (or both)?
healthy
- Phase 1 studies
b. The goal of Phase 1 studies is to determine what?
safety, dosage
- Phase 1 studies
c. How many subjects (volunteers) are typically involved in a Phase 1 study?
100
- Phase 1 studies
d. Approximately how long do these studies take?
1 yr
- Phase 2 (II) studies
a. When does a Phase 2 study begin? (What has to be shown in the Phase 1 study?)
that it is safe
- Phase 2 (II) studies
b. What is the emphasis in a Phase 2 study?
does it treat disease; effective
- Phase 2 (II) studies
c. Do Phase 2 studies have an experimental and a control group of subjects?
yes
- Phase 2 (II) studies
d. What type of side effects are monitored in a Phase 2 study?
short term
- Phase 2 (II) studies
e. How many subjects (volunteers) are typically involved in a Phase 2 study?
100-300 diseased
- Phase 2 (II) studies
f. Approximately how long do these studies take?
2 yrs
- Phase 3 (III) studies
a. When does a Phase 3 study begin? (What has to be shown in the Phase 2 study?)
effectiveness
- Phase 3 (III) studies
b. What is different about the goal of a Phase 3 study compared to a Phase 2 study?
bigger study
- Phase 3 (III) studies
c. How many subjects (volunteers) are typically involved in a Phase 3 study?
1000-3000
- Phase 3 (III) studies
d. Approximately how long do these studies take?
1-2 yrs
- Phase 4 (IV)
a. Briefly explain what goes on in this last Phase of the drug approval process.
to monitor the safety of the drug
Short and long term side effects that are noticed after approval must be submitted to the FDA
Companies also look for additional applications
Additional FDA approval required if drug is used for different condition
- Retrovir was first studied as an anti-cancer drug in the 1960s with disappointing results. Twenty years later, researchers discovered the drug could treat what disease?
HIV
- What animal was found to produce a hormone called calcitonin that helps regulate calcium and decreases bone loss?
salmon
- The heading on the Cancer Research UK website states “Let’s beat cancer ___________” (fill in the blank)
sooner
