Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 120 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

independent variable

A

variable or factor being deliberately changed in the experimental group.ex coffee consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

dependent variable

A

the outcome that ma depend on coffee consumption ex memory tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sample size

A

number of experimental subjects orr number ot times the experiment is repeated. in human studies sample size is the number of participants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

statistical significance

A

measure of confidence that the results obtained are real and not due to chance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

scientific theory

A

explanation of the natural world that is supported by a large body of evidence and has never been disproved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of patterns of disease in populations including risk factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

correlation

A

consistent relationship between two variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cancer

A

Disease of unregulated cell division. Cells divide inappropriately and accumulate in some instances forming a tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Treatment of disease specifically cancer by the use of chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mitosis

A

Segregation and separation of duplicated chromosomes during cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Physical division cell into two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death often refered to as cellular suicide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tumor

A

Mass of cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Metastasis

A

Spread of cancer cells from one location in the body to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Radiation therapy

A

Use of ionizing high energy radiation to treat cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

anecdotal evidence

A

informal observstion that has not been scientifically tested. ex a poll of your classmates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hypothesis

A

tentative explanation for a scientifiec observation of question. must be testable and falsifiable. ex coffee helps imorove memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

experimental group

A

group in experiment that experiences the experiamntal interention or manipulation. ex the group with the coffee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

control group

A

group in experiment that expeirences not experimental intervention or manipulation. ex the group with the coffee.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

placebo

A

fake treatment given to control group that mimics the epperience of the experimental group. ex liqiud that is dark and bitter but is not coffee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

six steps of scientific investigation

A

observe, study peer reviews, make scientific hypothesis, carry out controlled ezperiments, analyze experimental data, make conclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why only one variable?

A

that way you know what you are testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what other variables might you want to control?

A

activity, gender, age, diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why is sample size important

A

it can rule out chances. the bigger the sample size the more statistical significance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

correlation does not equal causation

A

your can have similar results but there are other factors that could be effecting it. coffee and parkinson’s. people who drank less coffee had lesser people with parkinson’s but also with smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what did a 14 yr old die of in maryland? name and amount

A

2-24 oz monster drinks. died of cardiac arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mutation

A

Change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mutagen

A

Chemical or physical agent that can damage DNA by changing its sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Carcinogen

A

Chemical agent that causes cancer by damaging DNA type of mutagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Oncogene

A

Mutated and overactive form of a proton-oncogene. oncogenes drive cells to divide normally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

oncology

A

study of cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Benign tumor

A

noncancerous tumor that will not spread throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Malignant tumor

A

cancerous tumor that spreads throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

3 possible outcomes of mistakes in DNA replication

A

DNA not repaired
DNA repaired correctly
DNA repaired incorrectly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

two types of genes that cause most cancers

A

proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

3 men start smoking at 17, one gets lung cancer at 36, one at 68 and one dies of heart disease at 92. What is going on

A

the man who got cancer at 38 could have had a mutated gene passed to him. the one at 68 could have genes that just mutated. At 92 he could just be old and his heart was weakened by smoking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

do all mutations cause cancer.

A

No because genes mutate themselves. it is the genes that mutate and reproduce that will cause cancer. Some mutations actually help a person.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

herediary and predisposed.

A

a gene or cancer that is passed in reproduction. it happens in the zygote.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

someone inherits a gene connected to breast cancer, what tissues will have the mutated gene

A

the tissuses around the breasts, under shoulders, up towards neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the difference between a mutagen and a carcinogen

A

a mutagen is a factor that will cause a mutation in the DNA swquence. A carcinogen can cause cancer by changing the DNA sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

experiment to test whether captain crunch will cause cancer. epidemolgy or experimental

A

epidemology because it is unethical to give a person something that could harm them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

why does ethic background affect hereditary dispositions

A

They can come from a small population, community expands and contracts, and incest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

can a person with a genetic disease give it to a spouse or coworker

A

No for a genetic disease to affect you it must be passed down from parents and formed in the zygote

44
Q

where was adherns father from

A

Germany

45
Q

what is the carrier rate for tay sachs in jews and general population

A

1 in 25; 1 in 250

46
Q

antibiotic

A

a chemical that can slow or stop the growth off bacteriaa. many are produced from living organisms

47
Q

cell theory

A

concept that all living things are made of cells and that cell are formed by the reproduction of existing cells

48
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

cells that lack internal membrane bound organelles

49
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

cells that contain a membrane bound organelles including a nucleus

50
Q

organelles

A

the membrane bound compartment od ukaryotic cells that carry out specific functions

51
Q

cell membrane

A

a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of all cells

52
Q

cytoplasm

A

the gelatinous aqueous interior of all cells

53
Q

ribosome

A

a complex of RNA and proteins that carries out protein synthesis

54
Q

nucleus

A

organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material

55
Q

cell wall

A

rigid structure that encloses the cell membrane of some cells that helps the cell maintain shape

56
Q

mitochondria

A

membrane bound organelles important for energy conversion in eukaryote

57
Q

chloroplast

A

organelle in plant cells that is the site of photosynthesis

58
Q

stem cells

A

immature cells that can divide and become specialized cells

59
Q

tissue

A

organized group of different cell types that work togehterto carry out a particular function

60
Q

cellular differentiation

A

the process by which a cell specializes to carry out a specific role

61
Q

differential gene expression

A

the process by which genes are turned on or expressed in different cell types

62
Q

multipotent

A

describes a cell with the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types in the body

63
Q

pleuripotent

A

a cell that can differentiate into almost any cell in the body

64
Q

function of endoplasmic reticulum

A

proteins and lipids are synthesized

65
Q

what makes antibiotics special is not just their ability to bill bacteria——-Explain

A

it is that they destruct bacteria without harming person or animal even when taken orally. (bleach kills bacteria just fine)

66
Q

what are the two main ideas of cell theory

A

all living things are made of cells and other cells originate from reproduction of current/old cells

67
Q

where do antibiotics come from

A

mold

68
Q

how does penicillin work to kill bacteria

A

it is produced through mold and it kills the bacteria without harm. it breaks down the cell wall

69
Q

how does streptomycin kill abcteria

A

It inhibits protein synthesis

70
Q

since antibiotics get through cell walls why does it not kill plants

A

because plants have cellulose in cell wall

71
Q

two reasons why we are starting to resist antibiotics

A

overuse,and misuse

72
Q

two similarities and two differences of eukaryotic and prkaryotic cells

A

eukaryotes have cell membranes around organelles and a nuecleus, prokaryotes dont have organelles with membranes and no nucleus. make up living things, carry out certain fuctions

73
Q

one similarity and one difference between embryonic and adult stem cells

A

they can both be used to regenerate. embryonic can be turned into any cell and adult can be turned into a couple cell types

74
Q

two sources of embyonic stem cells

A

cloning and discarded fetuses

75
Q

explain how two cells with same genes can turn into specialized cells with vey different functions

A

they make speficic protein sequence and that gives a specific fucntion

76
Q

what food item was growing a mold that yeiled more penicilin. mary hunt

A

cantoloupe

77
Q

what percentage of penicilin are we now resistant to

A

90%

78
Q

in 2006 what organ did anthony atala succefully transplant

A

bladder

79
Q

how quickly are the following turnover rate: skin, liver, lens of eye

A

skin- 2-3 weeks, liver 300-500 days, lens of eye never replaced

80
Q
  1. Match the following statements with the appropriate phase of drug approval (Pre-Clinical; Phase 1; Phase 2; Phase 3; Phase 4)
    a. Drug is tested in a small number of patients (100-300) with the targeted disease
A

1

81
Q

Match the following statements with the appropriate phase of drug approval (Pre-Clinical; Phase 1; Phase 2; Phase 3; Phase 4)
b. Companies also look for additional applications for the drug, beyond the disease it was originally approved for

A

4

82
Q

Match the following statements with the appropriate phase of drug approval (Pre-Clinical; Phase 1; Phase 2; Phase 3; Phase 4)
c. Researchers look for best delivery system (oral, topical, intravenous, etc.)

A

2

83
Q

Match the following statements with the appropriate phase of drug approval (Pre-Clinical; Phase 1; Phase 2; Phase 3; Phase 4)
d. Drug is tested in a small number (under 100) of healthy individuals

A

preclinical

84
Q

Match the following statements with the appropriate phase of drug approval (Pre-Clinical; Phase 1; Phase 2; Phase 3; Phase 4)
e. FDA approval at end of this Phase

A

3

85
Q
  1. Pre-Clinical Phase – Drug discovery

a. What are three things that investigators determine during this phase?

A

correct dosage level
how frequently it should be administered
best delivery system (oral, topical, intravenous, etc.)

86
Q

Pre-Clinical Phase – Drug discovery

b. Are these studies usually done on human subjects? If not, what is used?

A

usually on animals

87
Q

Pre-Clinical Phase – Drug discovery

c. How long does this phase take (in general)?

A

3.5 years

88
Q

Pre-Clinical Phase – Drug discovery

d. What happens to most drugs tested in this phase?

A

rejected

89
Q
  1. Phase 1 studies

a. Are Phase 1 subjects (volunteers) made up of sick or healthy people (or both)?

A

healthy

90
Q
  1. Phase 1 studies

b. The goal of Phase 1 studies is to determine what?

A

safety, dosage

91
Q
  1. Phase 1 studies

c. How many subjects (volunteers) are typically involved in a Phase 1 study?

A

100

92
Q
  1. Phase 1 studies

d. Approximately how long do these studies take?

A

1 yr

93
Q
  1. Phase 2 (II) studies

a. When does a Phase 2 study begin? (What has to be shown in the Phase 1 study?)

A

that it is safe

94
Q
  1. Phase 2 (II) studies

b. What is the emphasis in a Phase 2 study?

A

does it treat disease; effective

95
Q
  1. Phase 2 (II) studies

c. Do Phase 2 studies have an experimental and a control group of subjects?

A

yes

96
Q
  1. Phase 2 (II) studies

d. What type of side effects are monitored in a Phase 2 study?

A

short term

97
Q
  1. Phase 2 (II) studies

e. How many subjects (volunteers) are typically involved in a Phase 2 study?

A

100-300 diseased

98
Q
  1. Phase 2 (II) studies

f. Approximately how long do these studies take?

A

2 yrs

99
Q
  1. Phase 3 (III) studies

a. When does a Phase 3 study begin? (What has to be shown in the Phase 2 study?)

A

effectiveness

100
Q
  1. Phase 3 (III) studies

b. What is different about the goal of a Phase 3 study compared to a Phase 2 study?

A

bigger study

101
Q
  1. Phase 3 (III) studies

c. How many subjects (volunteers) are typically involved in a Phase 3 study?

A

1000-3000

102
Q
  1. Phase 3 (III) studies

d. Approximately how long do these studies take?

A

1-2 yrs

103
Q
  1. Phase 4 (IV)

a. Briefly explain what goes on in this last Phase of the drug approval process.

A

to monitor the safety of the drug
Short and long term side effects that are noticed after approval must be submitted to the FDA
Companies also look for additional applications
Additional FDA approval required if drug is used for different condition

104
Q
  1. Retrovir was first studied as an anti-cancer drug in the 1960s with disappointing results. Twenty years later, researchers discovered the drug could treat what disease?
A

HIV

105
Q
  1. What animal was found to produce a hormone called calcitonin that helps regulate calcium and decreases bone loss?
A

salmon

106
Q
  1. The heading on the Cancer Research UK website states “Let’s beat cancer ___________” (fill in the blank)
A

sooner

Bio 120 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions