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Bio 120 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

digestion

A

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into subunits enabling the absorption of nutrients

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2
Q

digestive system

A

organ system that breaks down food molecules into smaller subunits, absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste composed of the digestive tract and accessory organs

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3
Q

esophagus

A

section of the digestive tract between the mouth and the stomach

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4
Q

peristasis

A

coordinated muscular contraction that force food down the digestive tract

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5
Q

stomach

A

expandable muscular organ that stores mechanically breaks down and digests proteins in food

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6
Q

chyme

A

the acidic soup of the partially digested food that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestines

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7
Q

small intestine

A

the organ in which the bulk of chemical digestion and absorption of food occurs

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8
Q

pancreas

A

organ that helps digestion by producing enzymes such a lipase that act in the small intestine and by secreting a juice that neutralized acidic chyme

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9
Q

liver

A

organ that aids digestion by producing bile salts that emulsify fats

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10
Q

bile salts

A

chemical produce by the liver and stored by the gallbladder that emulsify fats so that they can be chemically digested by enzymes

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11
Q

emulsify

A

to break up large fat globules into smaller fat droplets the at be fore efficiently chemically digested by enzymes

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12
Q

absorption

A

the uptake of digested food molecules by the epithelial cells lining the small intestine

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13
Q

gall bladder

A

organ that stored bile salts and releases them as needed into the small intestine

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14
Q

villi

A

finger like projections of folds in the lining of the small intestine that are responsible for most nutrient and water absorption

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15
Q

large intestine

A

the last organ of the digestive tract in which remaining water is absorbed and solid stool is formed

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16
Q

stool

A

solid waste material eliminated from the digestive tract

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17
Q

simple diffusion CH 3

A

movement of small hydrophobic molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration simple diffusion does not require an input of energy

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18
Q

transport proteins

A

proteins involved in the movement of molecules across the cell membrane

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19
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

process by which large or hyrohilic solute move across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of transport proteins facilitated diffusion does not require an input of energy

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20
Q

active transport

A

energy requiring process by which solutes are pumped from a area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration with the help of transport proteins

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21
Q

if a solute is moving through a phospholipid bilayer from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with out the assistance of a protein the manner of transport is…

A

simple diffusion

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22
Q

what do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion have in common

A

they both go from a higher concentration to a lower

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23
Q

what do active transport and facilitated diffusion have in common

A

both use transport proteins

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24
Q

why does facilitated diffusion require membrane transport proteins while simple diffusion does not

A

,because the molecules are larger and hydrophilic

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25
Q

which part of the digestive tract has the most acidic pH

A

stomach

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26
Q

what do the gallbladder, liver and pancreas have in common with respect to the digestive system. how do they differ from the mouth stomach and small intestine

A

secrete substances, enzymes

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27
Q
  1. What is the difference between being obese and morbid obese (clinically severe obese)? Know BMI figures for both.
A

obese- 20% or more than one’s ideal body weight- more than 30 BMI. morbid obese is BMI over 40 or over 100 lbs overweight

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28
Q
  1. There are several types of bariatric surgery. All involve surgically reducing the size of what?
A

stomach

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29
Q

a. Which organs make up the digestive tract? (7)

A

mouth, esophagus stomach large intestine small intestine rectum anus

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30
Q

b. List the accessory organs that secrete enzymes and other chemicals into the digestive tract.

A

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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31
Q
  1. What is the rationale behind bariatric surgery
A

by reducing size of stomach means that you can’t overeat

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32
Q
  1. Salivary amylase is a digestive enzyme that is present in saliva. What type of molecules does it break down and what does it break it down into?
A

macro molecules into subunits

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33
Q
  1. How is food transported from the mouth to the stomach
A

muscles of esophagus

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34
Q

a. What is the approximate pH of stomach acid?

A

1

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35
Q

b. Give 2 reasons for the stomach being a very acid environment.

A

destroys harmful bacteria and protects against food borne diseases

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36
Q

c. Pepsin is one of the major digestive enzymes of the stomach. What does it do?

A

chemically break up proteins into amino acids

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37
Q

d. What prevents the stomach from digesting itself?

A

a thick layer of mucus

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38
Q

e. How does an ulcer form?

A

when the mucus of stomach is damaged. like bacterial infection

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39
Q

f. What are 3 things that the stomach can absorb directly into the bloodstream?

A

water ethanol certain drugs

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40
Q
  1. Small intestine – this is where most of the absorption takes place.
    a. What is the first part called?
A

duodenum

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41
Q
  1. Small intestine – this is where most of the absorption takes place.
    b. How is the pH of the chyme neutralized once it enters the small intestine?
A

by pancreatic juices

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42
Q
  1. Bile salts

a. Where are they made?

A

liver

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43
Q
  1. Bile salts

b. Where are they stored?

A

gallbladder

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44
Q
  1. Bile salts

c. What is their function?

A

emulsify fats

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45
Q
  1. What is the name of the major lipid –digesting enzyme? What organ secretes this enzyme?
A

lipase, pancreas

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46
Q
  1. Large intestine:

a. What is absorbed here?

A

water

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47
Q
  1. The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
    a. What type(s) of movement involve moving molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration? Does this require energy?
A

simple and facilitated diffusion, no

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48
Q
  1. The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
    b. What type(s) of movement involve moving molecules from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration? Does this require energy?
A

active transport, yes

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49
Q
  1. How many patients die from bariatric surgery out of 200 patients?
A

1

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50
Q
  1. In 2004, Amy Jo weighed 264 lbs., what was her weight in March, 2011?
A

146

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51
Q
  1. How does the OTC weight-loss pill “Alli” work?
A

The active ingredient, orlistat, attaches itself to some of the body’s natural enzymes that break down fat, so you don’t absorb it. This prevents some of the fat you eat from being absorbed

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52
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment

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53
Q

element

A

a chemically pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down’ each element is made up of and defined by a single type of atom

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54
Q

atom

A

the smallest unit of an element that cannot be chemically broken down into smaller units

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55
Q

molecule

A

atoms linked by covalent bonds

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56
Q

macromolecules

A

large organic molecules that make up living organisms; they include carbs proteins and nucleic acids

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57
Q

monomer

A

one chemical subunit of a polymer

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58
Q

polymer

A

a molecule made up of individual subunits called monomers linked together in a chain

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59
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing; hydrophobic molecules will not dissolve in water

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60
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving; hydrophilic molecules dissolve in water

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61
Q

pH

A

a measure o the concentration of H+ in a solution

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62
Q

acid

A

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of solutions making them more acidic

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63
Q

base

A

a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentrations of solutions making them more basic

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64
Q

how does a sterol such a cholesterol differ from a triglyceride

A

sterols have 4 conected carbon rings, cholesterol makes up a cell membrane; triglycerides have three fat acid chains, they store energy and padding

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65
Q

Malnutrition

A

The medical condition resulting from the lack of any essential nutrient in the diet. Malnutrition is often by not always associated with starvation

66
Q

Essential nutrients

A

Nutrients that can’t be made by the body so must be obtained from the diet

67
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Any chemical reaction that breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules

68
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

Any chemical reaction that combines simple molecules to build more complex molecules

69
Q

Metabolism

A

All biochemical reaction occurring in an organism including reactions that break down food molecules and reaction that build new cell structures

70
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

71
Q

Substrate

A

A molecule to which an enzyme binds and on which it acts

72
Q

Active site

A

The part of an enzyme that binds to substrates

73
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical signaling molecule that is released by a cell or gland and travels through the bloodstream to exert an effect on target cells

74
Q

Glycogen

A

An energy storing carbohydrates found in liver and muscle

75
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes a decrease in blood sugar

76
Q

glucagon

A

A hormone produced by the pancreas that causes an increase in blood sugar

77
Q

BMI

A

an estimate of body fat based on heiaght and weight

78
Q

overweight

A

having a BMI between 25 and 29.9

79
Q

obese

A

having 20% more body fat than is recommended for one’s height as measured by a body mass index equal to or greater than 30

80
Q

calorie

A

the amount of energy required to raise the temp of 1 g of water by 1degreeC

81
Q

Calorie

A

1000 calories or 1 kilocalorie (kcal) the capital C in Calorie indicates “kilocalorie” the Calorie is the common unit of energy used in food nutrition labels

82
Q

glycogen

A

a complex animal carbohydrate made up of linked chains of glucose molecules that stores energy for short term use

83
Q

triglyceride

A

a type of lipid found in fate cells that stores excess energy for long term use

84
Q

ATP

A

( adenosine triphosphate) the molecule that cells use to power energy requiring functions the cell’s energy currency

85
Q

aerobic (cellular) respiration

A

a series of reactions that occuers i the presence of oxygen and and converts energy stored in food into ATP

86
Q

Fermentation

A

a series of chemical reactions that takes place in the absence of oxygen and converts some of the energy stored in food into ATP. fermentation produces far less ATP than does aerobic respiration

87
Q

trans fat

A

type of vegetable fat that has been hydrogenated, that is hydrogen atoms have been added, making it solid at room temperature

88
Q

saturated fat

A

an animal fat, such as butter, saturated fats are solid at room temperature

89
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

a plant fat, such as olive oil, unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature

90
Q

LDL

A

a lipoprotein of blood plasma that is composed of a moderate proportion of protein with little triglyceride and a high proportion of cholesterol and that is associated with increased probability of developing atherosclerosis —called also bad cholesterol

91
Q

Lipid Profile

A

or lipid panel, is a panel of blood tests that serves as an initial broad medical screening tool for abnormalities in lipids, such as cholesterol and triglycerides.

92
Q

HDL

A

a lipoprotein of blood plasma that is composed of a high proportion of protein with little triglyceride and cholesterol and that is correlated with reduced risk of atherosclerosis —called also good cholesterol

93
Q

What are the five functional traits that all living things have in common?

A 
Growth
Reproduction
Homeostasis
Sense and respond to stimuli
Obtain and use energy
94
Q
  1. List the 6 elements that make up the bulk of your body.
A 
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
95
Q

Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons. This results in the formation of molecules. Carbon can form multiple covalent bonds. What is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules?

A

Organic molecules have chains of carbon atoms covalently bound to other carbon and hydrogen atoms. Inorganic do not

96
Q
  1. List the 4 major types of complex organic molecules.
A

Carbs
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

97
Q

a. Carbohydrates

i. What are the monomers called? Give an example.

A

Monosaccharides, glucose

98
Q

Carbohydrates

What are 2 general things that carbohydrates are used for?

A

Energy storing, structural support for cells

99
Q

b. Proteins

i. What are the monomers called? How many types exist?

A

Amino acids, 20 types

100
Q

b. Proteins

ii. List several functions of proteins

A

Speed up rate of chemical reactions, move things around and through cells. Can even move entire cells

101
Q

b. Proteins

ii. Why is the three-dimensional shape important?

A

They will not function if not

102
Q

c. Lipids

i. Are these molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

103
Q

c. Lipids

ii. What is another term for triglycerides?

A

fats

104
Q

c. Lipids

Name two functions of triglycerides

A

Stores large amount of energy, provide padding and thermal insulation

105
Q

c. Lipids

Which type of lipid is a major component of cell membranes?

A

Phospholipid

106
Q

c. Lipids

Which type of lipid includes the molecule cholesterol?

A

sterol

107
Q

d. Nucleic Acids

i. Name the two types

A

DNA and RNA

108
Q

Nucleic Acids

What are the monomers called?

A

Nucleotide

109
Q

Nucleic Acids

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

Storage, transmission, and execution of genetic instructions

110
Q

What type of bond forms between neighboring water molecules? This gives water some unique properties. What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?

A

Hydrogen bonds
cohesion- cling to each other
adhesion- cling to surface

111
Q
  1. Water molecules can split briefly to form hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions. pH is a measure of the H+ concentration in a solution
    a. What is the range of the pH-scale?
A

0-14

112
Q

b. Pure water is neutral; this means that the H+ concentration = OH- concentration. What is the pH of neutral water?

A

7

113
Q

c. Solutions with a pH lower than 7 have more H+ ions. What are these solutions called?

A

Acids

114
Q

d. Solutions with a pH higher than 7 have more OH- ions. What are these solutions called?

A

bases

115
Q
  1. The 1-ton, SUV size rover that landed on Mars in 2012 is named what?
A

curiosity

116
Q
  1. In 2007, the National Academy of Sciences issued a “weird life” report suggesting that NASA should not be so narrowly focused on water and organic molecules in its search for life. What other solvents does this report note that might support life?
A

Ammonia, methane

117
Q
  1. What is the pH of human blood?
A

7.35-7.45

118
Q
  1. What are the 3 macronutrients?
A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats

119
Q
  1. What process breaks down macronutrients to smaller subunits so that they are small enough to be absorbed from the digestive tract?
A

Digestion; catabolic reaction

120
Q
  1. Why is fortified peanut butter so good as a complete source of nutrition?
A

Full of protein, fats (peanuts), amino acids (milk powder)

121
Q
  1. Give 3 different types of chemical reactions in the body where enzymes are used.
A

Digestion, cell reproduction, bone formation

122
Q
  1. Explain why enzymes are not “multi-purpose” (why each chemical reaction in the body uses different enzymes)?
A

Enzymes work on specific macronutrients. What works on protein, wont work on carbs

123
Q
  1. Give an example of a micronutrient in a human diet that falls under the following classifications, include its function; food sources; problems of deficiency; and problems of excess- mineral
A

Calcium- bone and tooth formation, dairy products (milk), osteoporosis (stunted growth), Kidney stones

124
Q
  1. Give an example of a micronutrient in a human diet that falls under the following classifications, include its function; food sources; problems of deficiency; and problems of excess - b. Water soluble vitamins
A

B1- energy metabolism and nerve function, leafy veggies, whole grains, meat, heart failure, depression, no problems of excess

125
Q
  1. Give an example of a micronutrient in a human diet that falls under the following classifications, include its function; food sources; problems of deficiency; and problems of excess - Fat soluble vitamins
A

c.

D- Calcium absorption, bone growth, fish, dairy, eggs, bone deformities, kidney damage

126
Q
  1. What is a difference between micronutrients known as minerals vs. those known as vitamins?
A

Minerals are inorganic, vitamins are organic

127
Q
  1. What is a similarity and what is a difference between a cofactor and a coenzyme?
A

Similarity- activate enzymes difference-cofactor is inorganic coenzyme- organic

128
Q
  1. What happens to “blood sugar” that is not used right away as fuel for respiration in cells of the body?
A

Stored as glycogen

129
Q
  1. Which organ of the body monitors and controls the amount of sugar in the blood?
A

Pancreas

130
Q
  1. When blood sugar is high, what does insulin cause cells to do? Which cells does insulin act upon?
A

Insulin removes excess sugar from blood. Acts on liver and muscle

131
Q
  1. What hormone is released when blood sugar is low? Which cells does it act upon? What does it cause the target cells to do?
A

Glugagon, liver and muscle cells, break down the stored glycogen into glucose

132
Q
  1. What is the name of the pediatrician from St. Louis that serves as the focal point for Chapter 4 with his use of a peanut butter based treatment for malnutrition?
A

Mark Manary

133
Q
  1. What country from South America is indicated as having the highest proportion of undernourished population
A

Malawi

134
Q
  1. The average adult has enough stored glycogen to power about how many hours of routine activity?
A

12-14hrs

135
Q
  1. Of all the organic molecules, what is most energy dense?
A

fat

136
Q
  1. What two components contribute to obesity?
A

Biological history and cultural influence

137
Q
  1. Above what BMI is someone considered obese?
A

30

138
Q
  1. Give 3 attributes that contribute to a person’s daily energy needs.
A

Food, sun, plants

139
Q

a. How and where do we store excess sugar short-term?

A

Glycogen in muscles and liver

140
Q

b. How and where do we store excess sugar, protein, and fat long-term?

A

In triglycerides in fat cells

141
Q

a. What are the starting molecules of aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen and glucose

142
Q

b. What are the end products of aerobic respiration

A

ATP carbon dioxide and water

143
Q

c. In which organelle does aerobic respiration happen?

A

Mitochondrion

144
Q

d. Where does the energy used to make ATP come from?

A

food

145
Q
  1. Which provides more ATP per glucose molecule, aerobic respiration or fermentation?
A

Aerobic respiration, much more than fermentation

146
Q
  1. Where does fermentation occur in a cell?
A

cytoplasm

147
Q
  1. Aerobic respiration does not create energy. Explain why this statement is true.
A

It transforms energy. neither created nor destroyed

148
Q
  1. What are the 3 chemicals that a lipid profile includes information on
A

LDL HDL total cholesterol, triglycerides

149
Q
  1. Paul Rozin compared portion sizes of food from the US against that in what foreign country?
A

France

150
Q
  1. In 2003, Rozin and colleagues compared what at 11 restaurants in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and in Paris, France.
A

Portion sizes

151
Q
  1. How many Calories are burned per hour when a 150 lb. woman sleeps (see Table 6.1)
    55
A

55

152
Q
  1. Endocrinology
A

– a branch of medicine concerned with the structure, function, and disorders of the endocrine glands

153
Q
  1. What is the name of the cells that produce insulin in the pancreas?
A

Islets of Langerhans

154
Q
  1. The organ called the pancreas secretes the hormone known as insulin which controls the amount of sugar carried in the blood. Give 2 other organs, the hormone they secrete, and the hormone’s function.
A 
Adrenal glands (kidneys) adrenaline fight or flight
Ovaries steroid reproduction
155
Q
  1. What causes Type 1 diabetes?
A

Pathological destruction of insulin (islets of Langerhans)

156
Q
  1. How is Type 2 diabetes different from Type 1 diabetes? How is it similar?
A

It is different because the cells stopped responding to insulin. Similar that they both don’t have insulin. Cells can die from starvation

157
Q
  1. Left untreated, chronic diabetes can cause a variety of health problems. Give 2.
A

Amputations, blindness

158
Q
  1. To which of the 4 major classes of biological macromolecules does insulin belong in?
A

protein

159
Q
  1. Before there were blood tests, diabetes was diagnosed by testing for what in what?
A

Sugar in urine

160
Q
  1. Insulin comes from the Latin insula, which means what?
A

Island

161
Q
  1. What animal did Banting and Best use in their beginning experiments to isolate insulin from a pancreas?
A

Dog

Bio 120 (3 decks)

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