Unit 2 Flashcards
digestion
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into subunits enabling the absorption of nutrients
digestive system
organ system that breaks down food molecules into smaller subunits, absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste composed of the digestive tract and accessory organs
esophagus
section of the digestive tract between the mouth and the stomach
peristasis
coordinated muscular contraction that force food down the digestive tract
stomach
expandable muscular organ that stores mechanically breaks down and digests proteins in food
chyme
the acidic soup of the partially digested food that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestines
small intestine
the organ in which the bulk of chemical digestion and absorption of food occurs
pancreas
organ that helps digestion by producing enzymes such a lipase that act in the small intestine and by secreting a juice that neutralized acidic chyme
liver
organ that aids digestion by producing bile salts that emulsify fats
bile salts
chemical produce by the liver and stored by the gallbladder that emulsify fats so that they can be chemically digested by enzymes
emulsify
to break up large fat globules into smaller fat droplets the at be fore efficiently chemically digested by enzymes
absorption
the uptake of digested food molecules by the epithelial cells lining the small intestine
gall bladder
organ that stored bile salts and releases them as needed into the small intestine
villi
finger like projections of folds in the lining of the small intestine that are responsible for most nutrient and water absorption
large intestine
the last organ of the digestive tract in which remaining water is absorbed and solid stool is formed
stool
solid waste material eliminated from the digestive tract
simple diffusion CH 3
movement of small hydrophobic molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration simple diffusion does not require an input of energy
transport proteins
proteins involved in the movement of molecules across the cell membrane
facilitated diffusion
process by which large or hyrohilic solute move across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of transport proteins facilitated diffusion does not require an input of energy
active transport
energy requiring process by which solutes are pumped from a area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration with the help of transport proteins
if a solute is moving through a phospholipid bilayer from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with out the assistance of a protein the manner of transport is…
simple diffusion
what do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion have in common
they both go from a higher concentration to a lower
what do active transport and facilitated diffusion have in common
both use transport proteins
why does facilitated diffusion require membrane transport proteins while simple diffusion does not
,because the molecules are larger and hydrophilic
which part of the digestive tract has the most acidic pH
stomach
what do the gallbladder, liver and pancreas have in common with respect to the digestive system. how do they differ from the mouth stomach and small intestine
secrete substances, enzymes
- What is the difference between being obese and morbid obese (clinically severe obese)? Know BMI figures for both.
obese- 20% or more than one’s ideal body weight- more than 30 BMI. morbid obese is BMI over 40 or over 100 lbs overweight
- There are several types of bariatric surgery. All involve surgically reducing the size of what?
stomach
a. Which organs make up the digestive tract? (7)
mouth, esophagus stomach large intestine small intestine rectum anus
b. List the accessory organs that secrete enzymes and other chemicals into the digestive tract.
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
- What is the rationale behind bariatric surgery
by reducing size of stomach means that you can’t overeat
- Salivary amylase is a digestive enzyme that is present in saliva. What type of molecules does it break down and what does it break it down into?
macro molecules into subunits
- How is food transported from the mouth to the stomach
muscles of esophagus
a. What is the approximate pH of stomach acid?
1
b. Give 2 reasons for the stomach being a very acid environment.
destroys harmful bacteria and protects against food borne diseases
c. Pepsin is one of the major digestive enzymes of the stomach. What does it do?
chemically break up proteins into amino acids
d. What prevents the stomach from digesting itself?
a thick layer of mucus
e. How does an ulcer form?
when the mucus of stomach is damaged. like bacterial infection
f. What are 3 things that the stomach can absorb directly into the bloodstream?
water ethanol certain drugs
- Small intestine – this is where most of the absorption takes place.
a. What is the first part called?
duodenum
- Small intestine – this is where most of the absorption takes place.
b. How is the pH of the chyme neutralized once it enters the small intestine?
by pancreatic juices
- Bile salts
a. Where are they made?
liver
- Bile salts
b. Where are they stored?
gallbladder
- Bile salts
c. What is their function?
emulsify fats
- What is the name of the major lipid –digesting enzyme? What organ secretes this enzyme?
lipase, pancreas
- Large intestine:
a. What is absorbed here?
water
- The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
a. What type(s) of movement involve moving molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration? Does this require energy?
simple and facilitated diffusion, no
- The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
b. What type(s) of movement involve moving molecules from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration? Does this require energy?
active transport, yes
- How many patients die from bariatric surgery out of 200 patients?
1
- In 2004, Amy Jo weighed 264 lbs., what was her weight in March, 2011?
146
- How does the OTC weight-loss pill “Alli” work?
The active ingredient, orlistat, attaches itself to some of the body’s natural enzymes that break down fat, so you don’t absorb it. This prevents some of the fat you eat from being absorbed
homeostasis
the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
element
a chemically pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down’ each element is made up of and defined by a single type of atom
atom
the smallest unit of an element that cannot be chemically broken down into smaller units
molecule
atoms linked by covalent bonds
macromolecules
large organic molecules that make up living organisms; they include carbs proteins and nucleic acids
monomer
one chemical subunit of a polymer
polymer
a molecule made up of individual subunits called monomers linked together in a chain
hydrophobic
water fearing; hydrophobic molecules will not dissolve in water
hydrophilic
water loving; hydrophilic molecules dissolve in water
pH
a measure o the concentration of H+ in a solution
acid
a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of solutions making them more acidic
base
a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentrations of solutions making them more basic
how does a sterol such a cholesterol differ from a triglyceride
sterols have 4 conected carbon rings, cholesterol makes up a cell membrane; triglycerides have three fat acid chains, they store energy and padding
Malnutrition
The medical condition resulting from the lack of any essential nutrient in the diet. Malnutrition is often by not always associated with starvation
Essential nutrients
Nutrients that can’t be made by the body so must be obtained from the diet
Catabolic reaction
Any chemical reaction that breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules
Anabolic reaction
Any chemical reaction that combines simple molecules to build more complex molecules
Metabolism
All biochemical reaction occurring in an organism including reactions that break down food molecules and reaction that build new cell structures
Enzyme
A protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Substrate
A molecule to which an enzyme binds and on which it acts
Active site
The part of an enzyme that binds to substrates
Hormone
A chemical signaling molecule that is released by a cell or gland and travels through the bloodstream to exert an effect on target cells
Glycogen
An energy storing carbohydrates found in liver and muscle
Insulin
A hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes a decrease in blood sugar
glucagon
A hormone produced by the pancreas that causes an increase in blood sugar
BMI
an estimate of body fat based on heiaght and weight
overweight
having a BMI between 25 and 29.9
obese
having 20% more body fat than is recommended for one’s height as measured by a body mass index equal to or greater than 30
calorie
the amount of energy required to raise the temp of 1 g of water by 1degreeC
Calorie
1000 calories or 1 kilocalorie (kcal) the capital C in Calorie indicates “kilocalorie” the Calorie is the common unit of energy used in food nutrition labels
glycogen
a complex animal carbohydrate made up of linked chains of glucose molecules that stores energy for short term use
triglyceride
a type of lipid found in fate cells that stores excess energy for long term use
ATP
( adenosine triphosphate) the molecule that cells use to power energy requiring functions the cell’s energy currency
aerobic (cellular) respiration
a series of reactions that occuers i the presence of oxygen and and converts energy stored in food into ATP
Fermentation
a series of chemical reactions that takes place in the absence of oxygen and converts some of the energy stored in food into ATP. fermentation produces far less ATP than does aerobic respiration
trans fat
type of vegetable fat that has been hydrogenated, that is hydrogen atoms have been added, making it solid at room temperature
saturated fat
an animal fat, such as butter, saturated fats are solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fat
a plant fat, such as olive oil, unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature
LDL
a lipoprotein of blood plasma that is composed of a moderate proportion of protein with little triglyceride and a high proportion of cholesterol and that is associated with increased probability of developing atherosclerosis —called also bad cholesterol
Lipid Profile
or lipid panel, is a panel of blood tests that serves as an initial broad medical screening tool for abnormalities in lipids, such as cholesterol and triglycerides.
HDL
a lipoprotein of blood plasma that is composed of a high proportion of protein with little triglyceride and cholesterol and that is correlated with reduced risk of atherosclerosis —called also good cholesterol
What are the five functional traits that all living things have in common?
Growth Reproduction Homeostasis Sense and respond to stimuli Obtain and use energy
- List the 6 elements that make up the bulk of your body.
Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons. This results in the formation of molecules. Carbon can form multiple covalent bonds. What is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules?
Organic molecules have chains of carbon atoms covalently bound to other carbon and hydrogen atoms. Inorganic do not
- List the 4 major types of complex organic molecules.
Carbs
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
a. Carbohydrates
i. What are the monomers called? Give an example.
Monosaccharides, glucose
Carbohydrates
What are 2 general things that carbohydrates are used for?
Energy storing, structural support for cells
b. Proteins
i. What are the monomers called? How many types exist?
Amino acids, 20 types
b. Proteins
ii. List several functions of proteins
Speed up rate of chemical reactions, move things around and through cells. Can even move entire cells
b. Proteins
ii. Why is the three-dimensional shape important?
They will not function if not
c. Lipids
i. Are these molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
hydrophobic
c. Lipids
ii. What is another term for triglycerides?
fats
c. Lipids
Name two functions of triglycerides
Stores large amount of energy, provide padding and thermal insulation
c. Lipids
Which type of lipid is a major component of cell membranes?
Phospholipid
c. Lipids
Which type of lipid includes the molecule cholesterol?
sterol
d. Nucleic Acids
i. Name the two types
DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acids
What are the monomers called?
Nucleotide
Nucleic Acids
What is the function of nucleic acids?
Storage, transmission, and execution of genetic instructions
What type of bond forms between neighboring water molecules? This gives water some unique properties. What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?
Hydrogen bonds
cohesion- cling to each other
adhesion- cling to surface
- Water molecules can split briefly to form hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions. pH is a measure of the H+ concentration in a solution
a. What is the range of the pH-scale?
0-14
b. Pure water is neutral; this means that the H+ concentration = OH- concentration. What is the pH of neutral water?
7
c. Solutions with a pH lower than 7 have more H+ ions. What are these solutions called?
Acids
d. Solutions with a pH higher than 7 have more OH- ions. What are these solutions called?
bases
- The 1-ton, SUV size rover that landed on Mars in 2012 is named what?
curiosity
- In 2007, the National Academy of Sciences issued a “weird life” report suggesting that NASA should not be so narrowly focused on water and organic molecules in its search for life. What other solvents does this report note that might support life?
Ammonia, methane
- What is the pH of human blood?
7.35-7.45
- What are the 3 macronutrients?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
- What process breaks down macronutrients to smaller subunits so that they are small enough to be absorbed from the digestive tract?
Digestion; catabolic reaction
- Why is fortified peanut butter so good as a complete source of nutrition?
Full of protein, fats (peanuts), amino acids (milk powder)
- Give 3 different types of chemical reactions in the body where enzymes are used.
Digestion, cell reproduction, bone formation
- Explain why enzymes are not “multi-purpose” (why each chemical reaction in the body uses different enzymes)?
Enzymes work on specific macronutrients. What works on protein, wont work on carbs
- Give an example of a micronutrient in a human diet that falls under the following classifications, include its function; food sources; problems of deficiency; and problems of excess- mineral
Calcium- bone and tooth formation, dairy products (milk), osteoporosis (stunted growth), Kidney stones
- Give an example of a micronutrient in a human diet that falls under the following classifications, include its function; food sources; problems of deficiency; and problems of excess - b. Water soluble vitamins
B1- energy metabolism and nerve function, leafy veggies, whole grains, meat, heart failure, depression, no problems of excess
- Give an example of a micronutrient in a human diet that falls under the following classifications, include its function; food sources; problems of deficiency; and problems of excess - Fat soluble vitamins
c.
D- Calcium absorption, bone growth, fish, dairy, eggs, bone deformities, kidney damage
- What is a difference between micronutrients known as minerals vs. those known as vitamins?
Minerals are inorganic, vitamins are organic
- What is a similarity and what is a difference between a cofactor and a coenzyme?
Similarity- activate enzymes difference-cofactor is inorganic coenzyme- organic
- What happens to “blood sugar” that is not used right away as fuel for respiration in cells of the body?
Stored as glycogen
- Which organ of the body monitors and controls the amount of sugar in the blood?
Pancreas
- When blood sugar is high, what does insulin cause cells to do? Which cells does insulin act upon?
Insulin removes excess sugar from blood. Acts on liver and muscle
- What hormone is released when blood sugar is low? Which cells does it act upon? What does it cause the target cells to do?
Glugagon, liver and muscle cells, break down the stored glycogen into glucose
- What is the name of the pediatrician from St. Louis that serves as the focal point for Chapter 4 with his use of a peanut butter based treatment for malnutrition?
Mark Manary
- What country from South America is indicated as having the highest proportion of undernourished population
Malawi
- The average adult has enough stored glycogen to power about how many hours of routine activity?
12-14hrs
- Of all the organic molecules, what is most energy dense?
fat
- What two components contribute to obesity?
Biological history and cultural influence
- Above what BMI is someone considered obese?
30
- Give 3 attributes that contribute to a person’s daily energy needs.
Food, sun, plants
a. How and where do we store excess sugar short-term?
Glycogen in muscles and liver
b. How and where do we store excess sugar, protein, and fat long-term?
In triglycerides in fat cells
a. What are the starting molecules of aerobic respiration?
Oxygen and glucose
b. What are the end products of aerobic respiration
ATP carbon dioxide and water
c. In which organelle does aerobic respiration happen?
Mitochondrion
d. Where does the energy used to make ATP come from?
food
- Which provides more ATP per glucose molecule, aerobic respiration or fermentation?
Aerobic respiration, much more than fermentation
- Where does fermentation occur in a cell?
cytoplasm
- Aerobic respiration does not create energy. Explain why this statement is true.
It transforms energy. neither created nor destroyed
- What are the 3 chemicals that a lipid profile includes information on
LDL HDL total cholesterol, triglycerides
- Paul Rozin compared portion sizes of food from the US against that in what foreign country?
France
- In 2003, Rozin and colleagues compared what at 11 restaurants in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and in Paris, France.
Portion sizes
- How many Calories are burned per hour when a 150 lb. woman sleeps (see Table 6.1)
55
55
- Endocrinology
– a branch of medicine concerned with the structure, function, and disorders of the endocrine glands
- What is the name of the cells that produce insulin in the pancreas?
Islets of Langerhans
- The organ called the pancreas secretes the hormone known as insulin which controls the amount of sugar carried in the blood. Give 2 other organs, the hormone they secrete, and the hormone’s function.
Adrenal glands (kidneys) adrenaline fight or flight Ovaries steroid reproduction
- What causes Type 1 diabetes?
Pathological destruction of insulin (islets of Langerhans)
- How is Type 2 diabetes different from Type 1 diabetes? How is it similar?
It is different because the cells stopped responding to insulin. Similar that they both don’t have insulin. Cells can die from starvation
- Left untreated, chronic diabetes can cause a variety of health problems. Give 2.
Amputations, blindness
- To which of the 4 major classes of biological macromolecules does insulin belong in?
protein
- Before there were blood tests, diabetes was diagnosed by testing for what in what?
Sugar in urine
- Insulin comes from the Latin insula, which means what?
Island
- What animal did Banting and Best use in their beginning experiments to isolate insulin from a pancreas?
Dog
