Unit 3 Flashcards
What is Gibbs Free Energy?
Energy available to do work
Endergonic reaction
Absorbs energy, not spontaneous
Exergonic Reaction
Releases energy, spontaneous
Function of enzymes
Biological catalyst, speeds up chemical reactions, reduces activation energy
Which macromolecule makes up enzymes?
Protein
Are enzymes consumed by reactions?
No
Structure of an enzyme?
Active site, allosteric site
What are competitive inhibitors? (Enzymes)
Inhibitors that inhibit by binding to the active site; they compete with the substrate for the active site.
What are non competitive inhibitors? (Enzymes)
Inhibitors which bind to the allosteric site- which changes the shape and inhibits substrate from binding.
What is denaturation?
Breaking a protein, and causing it to lose function.
What are the 3 steps of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation.
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
What is the input and output of glycolysis?
Glucose –> 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
Why is glycolysis important?
It breaks down the glucose into usable energy, and provide pyruvate for the Krebs cycle. It can also serve as a way for cells lacking a mitochondria to make ATP.
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
What are the inputs and outputs of the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)?
Acetyl coA –> 2CO2, 3 NADH, 1FADH2, 1 ATP
How many turns of the Krebs cycle does it take to break down 1 glucose molecule?
2
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
The mitochondrial cristae
What are the inputs and outputs of oxidative phosphorylation?
Electrons from NADH/FADH2 –> ATP
What are the 2 parts of oxidative phosphorylation?
The electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis
What is the electron transport chain?
Protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the inter membrane space, which generates a proton gradient. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
What is chemiosmosis?
ATP synthase utilizes the proton gradient to turn ADP–> ATP
Where does photosynthesis occur?
The thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts.
What are the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis?
H20 (electrons) + light energy (photons) –> ATP + NADPH
What is linear electron flow in photosynthesis?
Electrons go through both PS1 and PS2. This synthesizes both ATP and NADPH (1:1).
What is cyclic electron flow?
Electrons only go through PS1, which only synthesizes ATP
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
Stroma
What are the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle?
3CO2, 9ATP, 6NADPH –> G3P
What is fermentation?
An anaerobic way of producing ATP. Only glycolysis, produces significantly less ATP.
