Unit 2 Flashcards
What are all the cellular organelles?
Nucleus, mitochondria, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi, ribosomes, chloroplasts, lysosome, vacuole
What is the structure of the nucleus?
Double membrane (nuclear envelope) with pores
What is the function of the nucleus?
Stores generic information, synthesizes RNA, assembles ribosome subunits
What is the structure of the rough ER?
Membrane bound with ribosomes attached, also attached to the nucleus.
What is the function of the rough ER?
Site of membrane-bound protein and secreted protein synthesis. Role in intracelular transport. Mechanical support. Cell compartmentalization.
What is the structure of the smooth ER?
Folded, tube-like structure (cisternae)
What is the function of the smooth ER?
Detoxification, calcium storage, and lipid synthesis
What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
Membrane bound structure on flattened discs (cisternae)
What are the functions of then golgi?
Packing and modifying synthesized proteins. Packaging protein traffic.
What is the ribosomal structure?
Large and small subunits composed of rRNA and proteins. Can be bound of cytoplasmic.
What is the function of the ribosomes?
Synthesizes proteins
What is the structure of the mitochondria?
Double membrane bound (cristae is the inner membrane). Cristae is highly folded, outer is very smooth. Has distinct DNA and ribosomes.
What is the function of the mitochondria?
To make ATP. Krebs cycle happens in the matrix. Oxidative phosphorylation.
What is the structure of a chloroplast?
Double outer membrane (thylakoid sac stacked: grana, fluid: stroma).
What is the function of a chloroplast?
Photosynthesis. Thylakoid: light reaction, Stroma: Calvin-benson cycle.
What is the structure of the lysosome?
Membrane enclosed sacs that contain hydrolitic enzymes
What is the function of the lysosome?
Intracellular digestion
What is the structure of a vacuole?
Membrane-bound sacs
What is the function of a lysosome?
Storage and release of macromolecules and cellular waste. Central: water tension. Contractile: osmoregulation.
What is the most favorable cell (structure and size)?
Largest (surface area: volume) ratio
What is the structure of a semipermeable plasma membrane?
Bi-layer formed by phospholipids with cholesterol as a buffer. There are also membrane proteins and glyco(lipids/proteins).
What is simple diffusion?
It is a passive process by which small, polar molecules diffuse through the membrane (Steroids, O2, CO2). Works down the concentration gradient.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Is a passive process where small molecules down a concentration gradient through a transport/carrier protein into the cell (H20, NA+, K+).
What is active transport?
A process which requires energy and goes against the concentration gradient to enter the cell through a protein (NA+, K+, H+).
What is endocytosis?
Cell importing materials.
What is phagocytosis?
Cell eating
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
What is Exocitosis?
Exporting materials.
What is a hypertonic solution?
High concentration
Isotonic solution
Equal concentration
Hypotonic solution
Low concentration
Which way does water move in osmosis?
High Concentration (Hypertonic)~~> Low Concentration (Hypotonic)
What is water potential?
The potential for water to move from one solution to another.
