Unit 1 Flashcards
Water’s Cohesive Properties
Water Molecules are cohesive- they stick together because hydrogen bonds form between them. Allows droplets, and surface tension.
Water’s Adhesive Properties
Water is attracted to other molecules because of polar nature. Water will form thin films and climb up surfaces if the adhesive forces > cohesive forces.
Water’s Solvent Properties
Polarity allows it to dissociate ions in salta and bond other polar substances, dissolving them. Non-polar substances are not water soluble.
Water’s Thermal Properties
Water has the highest specific heat capacity of any liquid, so it takes a lot of energy to change the temperature.
4 Macromolecules
Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleus acids
What are carbs composed of (elements and bonds within molecules)
C, H, O (1:2:1), covalent bonds
Carbohydrate Monomer
Monosaccharide
What is a Disaccharide
Two monosaccharides held by glycosidic linkages
Structural Carbohydrates
Chitin, and Cellulose
Storage Carbohydrates
Starch (plants), and glycogen (animals)
Cellulose vs Starch
Cellulose has beta linkages, while starch has alpha linkages. We can’t break down beta linkages.
What are proteins composed of?
C, H, O, N, and S
Protein Monomer
Amino acid
Amino Acid Structure
Amino group, carboxl group, R group (side chain)
Bonds between amino acids
Peptide bond (between carboxl and amino group)
(N to C)
Levels of Protein folding
Primary: strand and amino acid
Secondary: b-pleated sheet and a-helix due to hydrogen bonds between O and H on phosphate backbone
Tertiary: bonds between R groups. Hydrophilic (polar) R groups go on exterior, Hydrophobic (nonpolar) go on interior.
Quaternary: bonds between seperate polypeptide chain’s R groups
What are nucleic acids composed of?
C, H, O, N, P
Nucleic acid monomer
Nucleotide
Nucleotide structure
Phosphate group (-), nitrogenous base (A,T,C,G), and Pentose sugar
Bond between nucleotides
Phosphodiester linkage between phosphate and hydroxyl
Purine bases
Double ringed, A and G (tip: pure silver)
Pyrimidine Bases
Single ring, C U T (tip: cut the pyramid)
How many bonds between A and T
2 bonds (2 apple trees)
How many bonds between C and G
3 (3 cars in the garage)
What are lipids composed of?
C, H, O, P (only in phospholipids)
Which macromolecules are Polar?
All but lipids
What are fats?
Glycerol with 3 fatty acids
Saturated fats
Saturated with hydrogen, all carbons single bonded with 2 hydrogens. More solid.
Unsaturated Fats
Carbon is double bonded to 1 hydrogen. Less solid.
What is a phospholipid?
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate
Phospholipid polarity
Polar and non-polar regions. Head is hydrophilic, tail is hydrophobic. Causes them to naturally assemble into bilateral.
What are steroids?
A lipid with 4 rings, and associated with reception.
What is capillary action?
When water moves up the stem into the leaves due to co/adhesion.
What is surface tension?
Water has a “surface” due to hydrogen bonds. Forces is needed to break that surface.
Water density
Less dense as a solid
Water pH
As hydrogen/hydronium ions increase, pH decreases. pH= -log[H+]. Inverse relationship between pH and hydrogen ions.
