Unit 3 Flashcards
What was the Seven Years’ War also known as?
The French and Indian War.
Who were the main opponents in the Seven Years’ War?
British vs French and Indians.
What caused the French and Indian War to begin?
Territorial disputes in the Ohio River Valley.
What year did the French and Indian War begin?
1754.
Who was sent to warn the French about encroaching on British territory?
George Washington.
What was the Albany Plan of Union?
A proposal by Ben Franklin for a council of representatives to address colonial issues.
What was the outcome of the Albany Plan of Union?
It was rejected due to concerns over taxation.
When did the Seven Years’ War officially begin?
1756.
What were two main consequences of the French and Indian War?
Pushed colonists westward and increased British national debt.
What was the Proclamation Line of 1763?
It forbade colonists from migrating west past the Appalachian mountains.
What was the significance of ‘taxation without representation’?
It sparked debate over the right to impose taxes on colonists without their representation in Parliament.
What was the purpose of the Sugar Act?
To impose taxes on luxury items and enforce existing taxes on molasses.
What did the Stamp Act tax?
All paper items produced in the colonies.
What was the Boston Massacre?
An incident where British soldiers shot and killed colonists during a confrontation.
What was the Boston Tea Party?
A protest where colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor.
What were the Intolerable Acts?
Laws passed by Parliament to punish the colonies, including closing Boston Harbor.
What was the Olive Branch Petition?
A final attempt by the colonists to avoid war with Britain.
Who wrote ‘Common Sense’?
Thomas Paine.
What did the Declaration of Independence signify?
The formal declaration of independence from Britain.
What was the outcome of the Battle of Saratoga?
It was a major turning point that helped secure French support for the Americans.
What did the Paris Peace Treaty of 1783 accomplish?
It recognized America as an independent nation.
What were the Articles of Confederation?
The first constitution of the United States, establishing a weak central government.
What was Shays’s Rebellion?
An uprising of Revolutionary War veterans demanding relief from debt.
What was the Constitutional Convention?
A meeting in 1787 to create a new Constitution due to the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
What was the Great Compromise?
An agreement to create a bicameral legislature combining the Virginia and New Jersey Plans.
What is the Electoral College?
A body of representatives that formally elects the president and vice president.
What were the Federalist Papers?
Essays written to promote the ratification of the Constitution.
What was the outcome of the ratification debate?
The Constitution was ratified by 9 states in mid-1788.
Who encouraged states to ratify the Constitution?
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Hay encouraged states to ratify the Constitution.
What did the Anti-Federalists believe?
Anti-Federalists were against ratification, believing the federal government would grow too strong and that the Constitution lacked protection for individual liberties (no Bill of Rights).
How did the Federalists win the ratification debate?
The Federalists won by agreeing to add the Bill of Rights once the Constitution was ratified.
When was the Constitution ratified?
The Constitution was ratified by 9 states in mid-1788.
What is federalism?
Federalism is the sharing of power between the national government and the state government.
What does the Supremacy Clause state?
The Supremacy Clause in Article VI states that federal law is superior to state law, but only enumerated powers of Congress fall under this category.
What does the 10th Amendment stipulate?
The 10th Amendment stipulates that all powers not given to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people.
What is the separation of powers?
The Constitution provides for a separation of powers between the three branches of government (legislative, executive, judicial) with checks and balances.
Who was the first president of the United States?
George Washington was unanimously elected as the first president of the United States.
What did Washington establish during his presidency?
Washington established the cabinet composed of four executive departments: Treasury, War, State, and Justice.
What was Alexander Hamilton’s role?
Alexander Hamilton served as Washington’s secretary of the treasury and established a National Bank.
What was the purpose of the National Bank?
The National Bank aimed to unify the states and improve the credit of US states by absorbing state debts from the Revolutionary War.
What was the Proclamation of Neutrality?
In response to the French Revolution, the US issued a Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793.
What was the Citizen Genet Affair?
Edmond Genet, France’s diplomat to the US, appealed directly to the people for support, leading to his ejection from the country.
What was the outcome of Jay’s Treaty?
Jay’s Treaty resulted in Britain agreeing to give up its posts on the western frontier of American territory.
What did Pinckney’s Treaty accomplish?
Pinckney’s Treaty allowed the US to use the port at New Orleans for trade along the Mississippi.
What led to the Battle of Fallen Timbers?
American expansion into the Ohio River Valley led to conflicts with natives and rumors of British support for them.
What was the Whiskey Rebellion?
The Whiskey Rebellion was a response to a tax on whiskey that poor western farmers opposed, leading to Washington quelling the rebellion with the US army.
What characterized the emergence of a two-party political system?
The two-party system included Federalists led by Hamilton and Democratic Republicans led by Jefferson and Madison.
What was Washington’s two-term precedent?
Washington stepped down after two terms, setting a two-term precedent that lasted until FDR.
What did Washington warn against in his Farewell Address?
Washington warned against the dangers of factions and entangling alliances.
Who became the 2nd US President?
John Adams became the 2nd US President in 1796.
What was the XYZ Affair?
The XYZ Affair involved three Frenchmen demanding a bribe from US officials, sparking outrage.
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?
The Alien Acts allowed imprisonment or deportation of non-citizens, and the Sedition Acts made it illegal to criticize the government.
What were the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions stated that states could nullify federal laws if they violated the Constitution.
What is Republican Motherhood?
Republican Motherhood emphasized that women needed to be educated on democracy to raise informed sons.
How did early American identity reflect in art and literature?
Early American identity was reflected in art and literature influenced by European styles, such as Peale’s portrait of Washington and Trumbull’s historical paintings.
What was the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom defined the separation between church and state, arguing against forced support of churches.
