Unit 3 Flashcards
What is a refugee?
People fleeing conflict and persecution and are protected by international law, cannot be returned to where their life/freedom is at risk
What type of migrants are refugees?
forced migrants
What is an asylum seeker?
someone who wishes to be classed as a refugee, may be a victim of persecution (due to race, sexuality, religion)
How does an asylum seeker become a refugee?
reach country to make their application, put into temporary accommodation while their application is processed without rights to work, if successful they will be classed as a refugee and be provided the same rights and benefits as a citizen, if not then they are deported to country of origin
Why do asylum seekers try to reach wealthy countries?
better job opportunities
better resources
democracy, political stability
Why might people in the country have negative views of the asylum seekers?
propaganda
racism
uneducated
NHS - free service that is in crisis
How might some peoples views change if they understood why some people flee their country?
- make an economic contribution
- be more understanding
- help reduce targeted crime
How are natural disasters a cause of refugee movement?
e.g. floods, volcanos, earthquakes
often these people move in their home country (internally displaces people)
but in extreme cases they can become international refugees
How can economic policies (Land grabs) cause refugee movement?
TNC’s have great influence over governments, especially in
poorer regions
these leads to exploitation of people and land e.g. farmers being evicted
What is the case study for land grabs?
Gambella region of Ethiopia
How much land was grabbed in Ethiopia?
100,000 hectares of agricultural land through a 50 year renewable lease
Between 1995 and 2016, how many hectares of agricultural land have been ‘grabbed’?
7 million hectares distributed to several companies
What company has leased the land from Ethiopian government?
Indian Giant Karuturi Global
What is the land in Ethiopia being used for?
to grow and process crops such as sugar cane, corn and oil palm
What human rights violation did the Anauk tribe suffer at the hands of the Ethiopian military?
beatings, unlawful arrests, intimidation, denial of aid, killing, rape, murder and forced relocation
How many people in Ethiopia have been thought to suffer from these types of projects?
1.5 million rural families
According to the United Nations, how many people have been said to be forced out of their homes due to war and persecution?
65 million people
When did the ‘Arab Spring’ begin and what was it about?
in 2010
about democracy protests and resulted in conflict in the Middle East
What events led to the start of the Arab Spring?
December 2010, a man set himself on fire to protest against constant pressure and spread further out into the Middle East
What are some of the countries involved in the Arab Spring?
Syria, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Egypt
When did the Syrian Civil War start and how many people are affected?
2011
UN estimate that nearly 600,000 people have been killed and 13 million forcibly displaced
How many kids in Syria need emergency aid from conflict?
6.5 million
When was the earthquake in Syria and what were the consequences?
Feb 6th 2023
aftershocks devastated NW Syria and SE Turkey, killing hundreds (collapse of infrastructure)
Of the 13 million displaced Syrians, where in the EU are they moving?
approx.
50% have moved to other parts of Syria
40% have moved to neighbouring countries e.g. Turkey, Jordan
10% have moved somewhere within the EU
As of 2022, How many Syrians have moved to the U.K and Germany?
U.K = 12,000
Germany = 670,000
Name some of the organisations that helped to manage the issues of the Syrian refugee crisis?
Non-governmental Organisations (NGO’s)
e.g. World Vision
International Governmental Organisations (IGO’s)
e.g. The UN Refugee Agency
and National Governments e.g. Greece and Germany
What were world vision doing to help manage issues of the crisis?
in 2022, they reached more than 1.9 million people in Syria, over 45% were children, where they provided food, shelter and clean water
After feb 6th earthquake, more than 50 projects launched in partnership to support 1.8 million people
What did the UNHCR do to help with the refugee crisis?
had a plan known as 3RP asking for $4.6 billion, in order to support 7 million people from Syria
to… provide humanitarian aid, with stoves, fuel for heating, thermal blankets, food, access to clean water and sanitation
Why do so many refugees and asylum seekers from Syria make their way to Greece?
Go to Turkey, closer to Greece, can go across to Greece
Due to lack of policies on the borders of Greece and acts as an external border to the EU
Why were some Germans becoming concerned about the migration in 2015?
- pressure on healthcare and schools
- encouraged other EU countries to be open and welcome refugees
- S.A of women liked to a migrant - changed publics opinion of migrants
What was the EU - Turkey deal?
Europe closed its borders, stopping the Western Balkan Route
What will happen to future refugees who try to enter Europe?
All ‘irregular immigrants’ (mostly Syrian) crossing Turkey into Greece from March 2016 will be sent back and assessed by greek authorities
How is the EU compensating Turkey under this agreement?
one for one, each Syrian returned to Turkey, another Syrian will be resettled into the EU
2300 experts set to arrive in Greece to enforce deal ( security officials and translators)
Does the EU - Turkey deal go against the UNHCR requirements for accommodating refugees?
Hope that people will be discouraged from making more dangerous journeys by sea, in return Turkey will receive aid.
Since jan 2016, how many migrants entered the EU?
1 million migrants and refugees entered the EU by boat from Turkey to Greece
143,000 arrived in 2016 alone, 460 dead
EU compensated with money = a billion euros
What was the difference in the number of refugees and migrants arriving across the Mediterranean to Europe between 2014 and 2015?
2014 = 156,000 approx
2015 = 412,000 approx
Why is it difficult to stop this tragedy from occurring?
created the largest refugee crisis since world war 2, there are simply too many people to stop
What are the positive social impacts of the Syrian migration crisis?
- people discouraged from making dangerous journey
- 3.2 million, diffusion of culture
- impacted birth rate in Turkey, helped to tackle their aging population
What are the negative social impacts of the Syrian Migration crisis?
- increase in gang crime and sexual violence
- people drowning during the journey
- child exploitation and families split up
- scarring/horrifying experience
What are the positive economic impacts of the Syrian Migration crisis?
- the EU + member states are funding the EU facility for refugees into Turkey, provided £3 billion
- The European commission providing £348 million to social net emergency safety (EESN) providing support for up to 1 million refugees
What are the economic negative impacts of the Syrian Migration crisis?
- loss of a generation for Syrian economy
- economic loss for having to support migrants
What are the political positives of the Syrian Migration crisis?
- led to collaboration between countries in addressing the crisis
What are the political negatives of the Syrian Migration crisis?
- rise of right wing politics in some recipient countries (e.g. Germany)
- anti - immigration (rise of anti- islamic movements)
How many Ukrainian refugees are there globally, and how many in the EU?
globally = 6.5 million
EU = 5.9 million
How does the UKs governments ‘Home for Ukraine’ policy operates?
Allows Ukrainian nationals and their families to the UK if they’ve been invited by a span set host.
- register interest, then look for host - ask who lives in their household and what they can offer in terms of accommodation.
- data driven approach matches potential hosts with refugees based on the availability of each household.
