Unit 2 Flashcards
What is an international economic migrant?
a person who moves voluntarily from one country to another to improve their standards of living
What is net immigration?
Where the number of immigrants is greater than the number of emigrants
What is net emigration?
where the number of emigrants is greater than the number of immigrants
What does the term diaspora mean?
the movement or spreading of a large number of people from one part of the world to another, in doing so they take along their culture and establish a new cultural community in their new homeland
Why are there diasporas in the U.K?
Due to its colonial past, during late 1800’s the U.K ruled nearly 25% of the worlds land surface = British Empire
What were the effects of the two world wars on the British Empire?
colonial countries regained their independence, however the commonwealth still remains
What is the commonwealth?
an intergovernmental organisation of 52 member states, from former british empire
What did the British Nationality Act 1948 allow for?
members of the commonwealth countries to migrate to the U.K, equally British citizens could move to other commonwealth countries.
Where was the first commonwealth diaspora in the U.K from?
Caribbean in 1948 on HMS Windrush with 492 passengers
Why was the ‘Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962’ introduced?
to restrict movement of people from Commonwealth to those only with a government-issued work permit
What is the case study for the role of the commonwealth on migration and diversity?
Birmingham
What did Birmingham host in 2022?
the commonwealth games
In 2021, which nationality made up the largest migrant population in the U.K?
India = 896,000
Poland = 600,000
When did the A8 countries join the EU? (give 2 examples)
2004
Poland, Hungary
Between 2004 and 2007 how many migrants moved to the U.K from Eastern Europe? (and how many of which where polish)
800,000
500,000 of which were polish
economic migration
The British and Poland have had links before 2004. What happened in 1939?
The British allowed Polish government to take refuge after WW2 they were allowed protection and where still allowed to govern Poland
How many polish workers where recorded to have migrated in 2016?
646,000
What % of poles that migrated in 2016 worked within the process, plant and machine operatives sector of employment?
20%
What % of poles that migrated in 2016 worked within the elementary occupations sector of employment?
28%
What % of poles that migrated in 2016 worked within the managers, directors and senior officials sector of employment?
3%
What was the ratio of males to females of the polish migrants to the U.K?
60:40
What was the % of polish migrants between 2004 and 2006 that were aged between 18 and 44?
92%
What are some examples of areas where polish workers are concentrated within the U.K?
Birmingham, Leeds, Nottingham
What where some of the positive social impacts in the U.K of the polish migration?
- introducing a new culture
- expanding social circles
What were some of the negative social impacts in the U.K due to polish migration?
- local people move out (due to overcrowding)
- abuse = attacks on migrants
- influx of foreign patients, not enough funding e.g. for translators
- concerns of behaviors of young people
What were some of the positive economic impacts in the U.K due to polish migration?
- more workers for industry work
- filled the labour gap e.g. building, trade, agriculture
- Bank of England stated migration helped prevent the rise of oil prices
- good for local economy
What were some of the negative political impacts in the U.K due to polish migration?
- riots and public disagreements
- racism world like ‘invasion’ used
- no. of migrants not fully known
- increased tensions e.g. Enoch Powel criticised the acceptance of Uganda refugees
What were some of the negative environmental impacts in the U.K due to polish migration?
- fly tipping increased due to migrant who didn’t understand waste rules
- increased vandalism
What were some of the negative economic impacts in the U.K due to polish migration?
1000 patients in 6 months (per doctor)
the no. of people moving in isn’t matched with investment
- non - migrant unemployment hasn’t improved
- immigrants usually find low paying jobs
What are 3 push factors from Poland?
- unemployment rate averaged 18.2% in 2005 ( compared to 5.1% in U.K)
- Poland annual GDP = $12,700 in 2006
- Rural areas and youth unemployment at 40%
What are 3 pull factors to the U.K?
- Average GDP in U.K $30,900 in 2006
- polish second language = english
- workers allowed rights to work and live immediately due to Poland joining the EU
What where positive social impacts of Polish migration on Poland?
- people move together
- British community groups have welcomed polish visitors in an effort to improve understandings
- due to more men migrating, women where given the opportunity to get jobs in higher paying fields
What where the negative social impacts of Polish migration on Poland?
- those who migrate struggle to adjust, great loss of community in Poland
- migrants susceptible to trafficking
- the no. of polish nationals has grown faster than the number of people born in Poland
- aging pop
What are the postive economic impacts of polish migration on Poland?
- people earn a higher wage
- remitiencies
What are the negative economic impacts of polish migration on Poland?
- major labour gaps
- loss of local economies
- cannot afford the aging population
What are the positive political impacts of polish migration on Poland?
Polish resettlement act - 1947
( attracted 2 main group of people poles family members and dependants or ex members of the Polish Armed English forces)
What where the negative political impacts of polish migration on Poland?
harder for them to migrate, laws put into place
What was the polish government concerned about due to the mass immigration?
they were concerned about the ‘brain drain’ which was skilled workers leaving
therefore limiting the economic development of Poland
What policy did Poland establish and what did it allow?
‘Powroty’ (Polish word for return)
helps poles planning to return with any practicality difficulties they may face but also finding accommodation and job
How has Brexit affected Eastern European migration to the U.K?
since peak in 2017, 450,000 Eastern Europeans have left
(the outflow has had an affect on the British economy and workforce)
Why are many Eastern Europeans choosing to leave the U.K following Brexit?
- hate crimes, not a nice for raising children
- unwelcomed, being blamed
- poland = lower cost of living
- discrimination
What sectors of the economy are struggling to fill posts after Brexit?
15,000 short on truck drivers (2020)
30,000 in agricultural
Where do economic migrants from Bangladesh move to? (majority)
to the gulf states e.g. Saudi Arabia and Iraq
How many people typically leave Bangladesh each year to work abroad?
500,000
What is the gender difference in those who leave?
2011, 95% were men ( out of 8 million)
Explain when and why the movement to the Middle East began?
1971 = Bangladesh independence
Gulf states = oil boom 1973, need for labour
Which year did immigration peak and what was the figure?
2008
peaked at approx. 875,000
What % of Bangladesh migrants go to the Middle East compared to everywhere else?
Middle East = 71%
Everywhere else = 29%
(2014)
In 2014 how many migrants moved to the Middle East?
300,195
Where is Bangladesh ranked on the Human Development Index?
146 out of 182
Nearly 50% of the population subsist on how much per day?
$1.25
In 2016 what was the GDP of Bangladesh compared UAE?
Bangladesh = $3891
UAE = $67,871
What are some of the environmental factors of the growth in immigration between Bangladesh and the Middle East?
flood prone land
cyclones
rising sea levels
difficulty of securing access to sustainable livelihood
climate change creating bigger impact e.g. changes in rainfall patterns, coastal erosion
What are some of the demographic factors of the growth of immigration between Bangladesh and the Middle East?
very densely populated, contributes to difficulty in securing livelihood
Dhaka (the capital city) is one of the fastest growing resulting in growth of slums = low quality of life
What are some of the cultural factors of the growth of immigration between Bangladesh and the Middle East?
Research by the Development Research Centre on Migration demonstrated the role of the husband as the breadwinner in Bangladesh villages therefore more men move
Population of Bangladesh is predominately Muslim so are countries in the Middle East, have religious value e.g. for Mecca
What are the economic push factors from Bangladesh?
- ranked 146 out of 182 on the HDI
- nearly 50% of the population survive on less than $1.25 per day
What are the economic pull factors of the Middle East?
- 1973 = oil boom which increased the demand for foreign labour
- economies and living standards are better in UAE
- Bangladesh GDP = $3891
- UAE GDP = $ 67,871
What are the environmental push factors of Bangladesh?
- flooding
- sea level rises
- change in rainfall patterns
- climatic refugees
- extreme weather
What are the demographic push factors of Bangladesh?
- most densely populated state, hard to secure sustainable livelihood
- Dhaka = fastest growing city, slums grow quickly
What are the demographic pull factors of the Middle East?
- not as much overcrowding
- better quality of life in the gulf states
What are the cultural pull factors of the Middle East?
- pilgrimage to Mecca
- easier to get visa (use religious background)
How did the Bangladesh government view the immigration?
viewed it as an ‘export of workers’
recognised it needed to protect its migrants from exploitation and help train and skill them
What did the BMET establish after 1976?
now are 47 technical training centres in the country, which develop professional skills in trades that are in demand.
How did the Bangladesh government tackle fraud and deceit of recruitment agencies and employers in 2013?
passed the ‘Overseas Employment and Migrants Act’, which meant migrant workers can lodge criminal cases for deception or fraud against recruiting agencies and employers
In 2016 what was the GDP of UAE compared to the U.K?
UAE = $67 871
U.K = $41 182
What was the increase of emirates compared to the increase of non-emirates between 1975 and 2010?
emirates = 100,000 to 950,000
non - emirates = 300,000 to 720,000
What is the gender ratio of the UAE?
2.2 men for every 1 female
What are the majority of people ages in the UAE?
aged between 20 and 49
What is the kafala sponsorship system?
gives employers total power over migrants and allows them the right to remain in the UAE, however makes them liable to deportation
(also severely restricts their right to change employers
In 2010 what did the government do in order to tackle the issues of the Kafala system?
amended the laws of the system and allowed migrants to change employer if their employer fails to comply with ‘legal or contractual obligations’
What are some of the human rights violations of the migrants who join the UAE?
- ‘reports of up to 600 men sharing 2 kitchens’
- record number of migrant deaths
- forced labour, modern day slavery
- leave families in debt
How does the U.K filter the best international migrants?
there are 4 tiers:
1. high value (occupational/highly skilled)
2. skilled workers
3. (you must have a specific job offer + reach 10 points to reach tiers 4/5
4. student
5. temporary migrant
