Unit 3

Question 1

What dental changes affect nutrition in older adults?

Answer 1

Decreased chemical production, atrophy of digestive tissue, reduced signaling to tissues, and changes in tissue structure and function.

Question 2

What is essential about calorie needs for older adults?

Answer 2

Older adults have a reduced need for calories but require the same amount of nutrients.

Question 3

How does basal metabolic rate affect weight in aging patients?

Answer 3

Basal metabolic rate declines, contributing to weight gain when eating the same amount of calories as before; it decreases by 2% each decade of life after 25 years old.

Question 4

What are the benefits of soluble fibers?

Answer 4

Soluble fibers lower serum cholesterol and improve glucose tolerance.

Found in oats and pectin.

Question 5

What are the benefits of insoluble fibers?

Answer 5

Insoluble fibers promote bowel activity.

Found in grains, vegetables, and fruits.

Question 6

What are the risks associated with a high-fat diet?

Answer 6

High fat intake is associated with risks of heart disease.

Question 7

Client education regarding RDA of calcium intake and risk associated with taking too much calcium #1

Answer 7

Calcium, vitamin D, magnesium absorption ability is decreased with age

Question 8

Client education regarding RDA of calcium intake and risk associated with taking too much calcium #2

Answer 8

Calcium intake no more than 2000 mg per day calcium minimum of 1000 mg per day to prevent osteoporosis

Question 9

Client education regarding vitamin B deficiency

Answer 9

Piloerection (goosebumps) is indicative of a vitamin B deficiency

Question 10

Nursing care and interventions to improve side effects related to pancreatitis & aspiration prevention

Answer 10

Pancreatitis avoid fried foods aspiration prevention sit in high Fowlers position while eating and 30 minutes after eating

Question 11

Nursing care and interventions to improve side effects related to dysphasia, delayed gastric, emptying and concentrated urine

Answer 11

Dysphasia cut food into small bites no talking while eating check for pocketing of food, Sit in high Fowlers position;
Delayed gastric emptying slowly emptying time identify nausea and eat several small meals;
Concentrated urine administer fluid signs of dehydration.

Question 12

Client education and recommendations related to nutritional supplements

Answer 12

Take note of what herbal supplement and dosage, frequency &potential side effects

Question 13

Nursing considerations related to dehydration and overhydration

Answer 13

Dehydration can be life-threatening for older adult, sign, and symptoms dry or poor turgor, dry and brown tongue, sunken eye or cheek orbitals
Overhydration IVF hydration can lead to this signs of symptoms, edema, nausea, vomiting, excessive urination

Question 14

Define insomnia

Answer 14

Inability to fall asleep, difficulty staying asleep & premature waking

Question 15

Define nocturnal myoclonus

Answer 15

Condition characterized by at least five leg jerks or movement per hour of sleep

Question 16

Define phase advance

Answer 16

Falling asleep earlier in the evening and awakening earlier in the morning comment among adults same amount of sleep, but hours shift

Question 17

Define restless leg syndrome

Answer 17

Neurological disorder, characterized by uncontrollable urge to move the legs when one lays down

Question 18

Define central sleep apnea

Answer 18

Defect in central nervous system affecting diaphragm

Question 19

Define obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 19

Blockage in upper airway interfering with normal airflow snores erratic breathing patterns may need cpap machine

Question 20

Sleep stage one

Answer 20

Dozing off easily awakens

Question 21

Sleep stage two

Answer 21

Deeper sleep, but easily awakened. Eye movement noted under eyelids.

Question 22

Sleep stage one and two

Answer 22

Older people spend more time in stage one and two

Question 23

How does alcohol or caffeine affect sleep?

Answer 23

Both disturb sleep

Question 24

Different ways to promote better sleep

Answer 24

Bedtime, routines, warm, bass, restrict foods or fluids before bedtime, limit blue light, and only use sedatives if needed

Question 25

Special considerations regarding sleep sedatives

Answer 25

Use with utmost care serious adverse reactions only use if absolutely needed

Question 26

Define neuropathic pain

Answer 26

Occur occurs from abnormal processing of sensory stimuli by the central or peripheral nervous system

Question 27

Define nocieptive pain

Answer 27

Arises from mechanical, thermal, or chemical noxious stimuli

Question 28

Define somatic pain

Answer 28

Located in bones or soft tissue masses metastasis called somatic nociceptive pain (bone cancer)

Question 29

Define visceral pain

Answer 29

Associated with injuries or disorders that cause generalization or referred pain, deep, aching, cramping, and pressure type of pain

Question 30

Define chronic pain

Answer 30

Pain consistent for three months or longer can be mild to severe pain or intensity

Question 31

What are the essential steps and Data a nurse must collect when performing a pain assessment

Answer 31

1) needs to be qualitative and quantitative 2) detailed pain history, 3) signs and symptoms of pain or changes in behavior

Question 32

What are the essential steps and data of a nurse must collect when performing a pain assessment on verbal and nonverbal patients

Answer 32

Verbal patients ask if they have any pain ask any questions versus nonverbal patients look in assess for cues of pain

Question 33

Integrative approach to effective pain management

Answer 33

Individualized, comprehensive pain management plan, collect qualitative income, quantitative assessment of symptoms. Identify underlying causes or factors of pain ,goals need to be realistic and achievable.

Question 34

Signs and symptoms of pain, other than verbal response

Answer 34

Agitation, grimacing, crying, moaning pacing

Question 35

Nutritional suggestions to ease pain and inflammation

Answer 35

Individual within inflammatory condition should consider avoiding these foods, animal products, high fat dairy products, eggy, beef, fat, junk food, sugar

Question 36

Foods to encourage

Answer 36

Green leafy veggies, omega-3 garlic, ginger, turmeric, red blue fruits, and flaxseed

Question 37

Deficiency of what complex vitamin can contribute to

Answer 37

Pain (green leafy veggies)

Question 38

Addressing risk associated with functional impairment

Answer 38

Cognitively, impaired individuals may not understand significance of symptoms, may lack the capability to avoid hazards, may be unable to communicate, needs and problems to others, visual defects, hearing impaired weakness, and fatigue

Question 39

Nurses role

Answer 39

Assessment to determine how activities of daily living are affected interventions than planned

Question 40

Step-by-step approach for pain management

Answer 40

START LOW & GO LOW
1) acetaminophen most commonly used with older adults for mild and moderate pain. First line treatment.
2) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen before moving into an opioid try another NSAID
3) opioids for moderate to severe pain first choice codeine, oxycodone hydrocodone

Question 41

Negative effects

Answer 41

Nausea , constipation , urinary retention, itching , myoclonus = fast sudden muscle jerks or twitches, irregular breathing, cognitive dysfunction addiction