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BIO 101 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

nonsense mutation

A

causes premature stop codon

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2
Q

nonconservative

A

single nucleotide replaced resulting in a change in amino acid and chemical property(ie. polar to non polar)

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3
Q

conservative

A

single nucleotide resulting in amino acid change but chemical properties remain the same(ie. basic to basic)

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4
Q

silent

A

change in single base but amino acid is the same

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5
Q

DNA Proofreading

A

base paired wrong, fix single nucleotide error in the sequence during synthesis; cuts nucleotide off and base is added back in

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6
Q

Mismatch pair

A

same error as Proofreading but is fixed after synthesis; chunk is removed and polymers comes back and fixes it; ligase fills gap

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7
Q

Excision Repair

A

from Uv damage, two types

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8
Q

Base excision repair

A

takes put single base, polymerase fills it and ligase seals it

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9
Q

Nucleotide Excision Repair

A

base and backbone damaged; fills gap and links pieces

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10
Q

Purpose of DNA synthesis

A

make new DNA

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11
Q

Primase

A

synthesizes RNA primer; synthesis of a short RNA strand that is complementary to single-stranded DNA

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12
Q

Helicase

A

unzips DNA

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13
Q

Topoisomerase

A

untwists and relieves pressure

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14
Q

SSBP

A

binds to single strand to keep. them apart

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15
Q

ligase

A

joins strands back together

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16
Q

telomerase

A

adds DNA to make up for loss in replication; maintains chromosome

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17
Q

template strand

A

used as direct template for mRNA

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18
Q

coding strand

A

commentary to template strand; same as mRNA strand

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19
Q

Purpose of transcription

A

make RNA copy of DNA

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20
Q

Purpose of translation

A

turn mRNA into a protein

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21
Q

tRNA

A

carries amino acid to ribosome

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22
Q

initiation

A

mRNA enter ribosome at A site bind to start codon in P site; translation begins

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23
Q

elongation

A

aminoacyl tRNA moves into A site- Anticodon binds to codon; peptide bond forms with amino acid in P site; translocation

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24
Q

translocation

A

ribosome moves a codon over after peptide forms between tRNA in the A and P site

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25
Q

termination

A

ribosome reaches stop codon and release factors trigger hydrolysis of bond between tRNA and Polypeptide chain; subunits separate

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26
Q

A-site

A

where tRNA initially binds to mRNA

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27
Q

P-site

A

tRNA attaches to polypeptide chain and amino acid is transferred

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28
Q

E-site

A

uncharged tRNA exits ribosome

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29
Q

tRNA synthetase

A

ensures that tRNA binds to correct amino acid based on anticodon sequence

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30
Q

DNA polymerase

A

replicates DNA by adding nucleotides; hand-like orientation allows it to “grab on to” DNA

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31
Q

Synthesis of Okazaki Fragments

A

5’–> 3’ using lagging strand template;

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32
Q

Replication of the linear ends of eukaryotic chromosomes results in an unreplicated end due to:

A

Primer is degraded on the lagging strand and synthesis of the final base pairs cannot proceed

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33
Q

Primary Structure of Nuclliec Acid

A

Phosphodiester bonds form between phosphate of one base to the sugar of another; nucleotide sequence determine structure

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34
Q

Antiparallel Orientation

A

DNA strands run opposite of each other; 5’ of one orients with 3’ of the other

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35
Q

Polymerization of nucleic acids occurs by _________reaction that forms ________ bonds.

A

condensation; Phosphodiester

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36
Q

True or False: Okazaki fragments would be unnecessary if DNA polymerase could synthesize DNA in both the 5’ and 3’ directions.

A

True

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37
Q

release factor

A

binds to stop codon in A-site triggers release of polypeptide chain

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38
Q

CCA

A

where amino acid attaches to tRNA

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39
Q

Splicing

A

introns are removed from RNA strand in transcription

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40
Q

Where is the start codon located?

A

at the downstream end of the 5’ untranslated region (UTR)

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41
Q

Bacterial RNA polymerase

A

synthesizes RNA

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42
Q

frame shift mutation

A

insertion/deletion of a nucleotide so that the reading frame shift

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43
Q

T/F: Both frameshift and point mutations can occur in any DNA sequence.

A

False

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44
Q

True or False: The lac operon is transcribed at the highest rate when extracellular glucose and lactose are abundant.

A

False

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45
Q

alternative splicing

A

removes/excludes exons

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46
Q

LAC operon

A

works when there’s no glucose to breakdown lactose

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47
Q

Proximal Promoter

A

binds to gene-specific transcription factors; control initiation of transcription

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48
Q

Transcription factors

A

bind to DNA to regulate transcription

49
Q

TRP

A

acts as co-repressor; binds to TRP repressor and inhibits transcription; difficult to make so don’t usually use

50
Q

Decondonsed chromatin

A

accesible

51
Q

condensed

A

inaccesible

52
Q

What regulation do
bacteria employ?

A

Allosteric

53
Q

chromatin

A

complex on DNA and proteins

54
Q

True or False: The repressor protein is bound to DNA of the operator when lactose is present.

A

false

55
Q

Purines

A

adenine and guanine

56
Q

Pyrimidines; 9 atoms

A

cytosine, uracil, thymine; 6 atoms

57
Q

Number of hydrogen bonds between A and T

A

2

58
Q

Number of bonds between C and G

A

3 bonds

59
Q

Why is RNA versatile?

A

single stranded; can catalyze chemical reactions

60
Q

Role of RNA

A

expression; easy access and DNA is to stable

61
Q

Ribozyme

A

RNA as an enzyme

62
Q

Sliding Clamp

A

holds DNA polymerase in place

63
Q

Hersey Chase Experiment

A

DNA is genetic material

64
Q

Semiconservative(Nelson-Stahl)

A

strands separate and become template; made of one new and one old

65
Q

Start of DNA synthesis in bacteria

A

Bubble opens up

66
Q

Replication Fork

A

bubble opens; strands separate and proteins bind

67
Q

solution for lagging strand

A

small segments(ozaki fragments) allow for lagging strand to be read in 5’ –>3’

68
Q

Central Dogma of Biology

A

DNA codes for RNA, RNA codes for proteins

69
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Ribosomes in the cytoplasm

70
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

nucleus

71
Q

genotype

A

determined by bases

72
Q

phenotype

A

what’s expressed

73
Q

Genetic code is redundant bc …

A

allows for errors-code for same amino acids

74
Q

genetic code is Unambiguous

A

never more than one amino acid per codon

75
Q

genetic code is universal

A

same in all organisms

76
Q

conservative

A

amino acids with similar properties are encoded by similar ones

77
Q

missense

A

changes in amino acid

78
Q

chromosomal deltion

A

loss of genes

79
Q

chromosomal inversion

A

backwards

80
Q

chromosomal duplication

A

additional copies of chromosome segment

81
Q

chromosomal translocation

A

piece breaks off and fuses to another chromosome

82
Q

+1 site on DNA

A

first nucleotide to be transcribed

83
Q

promoter

A

sequence where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcriptions

84
Q

TATA Box

A

identify start of transcription; binding site for RNA polymerase

85
Q

exon

A

final mRNA; expressed

86
Q

intron

A

primary transcript not in mRNA

87
Q

What does transcription synthesize?

A

non-template/coding strand

88
Q

What does DNA synthesis synthesize?

A

leading or lagging stand

89
Q

Transcription Initiation in Bacteria

A

sigma binds to promoter and twists so transcription can start; allows polymerase to bind

90
Q

Sigma

A

bacterial initiator of transcription

91
Q

5’ cap

A

add to finshed mRNA to make it mature and ready for transcription: protection

92
Q

Poly (A) Tail

A

added to 3’ end of mRNA to stabilize it

93
Q

Splicisome

A

removes non-coding segments from pre-mRNA: removes introns: post-transcriptional

94
Q

Transcriptional Control

A

regulatory proteins affect ability of RNA polymerase to bind to promoter; transcription can’t start

95
Q

Translational control

A

regulatory molecules alter amount of time and mRNA survives or affect one of the processes

96
Q

Posttranslational Control

A

chemical modification

97
Q

Negative control

A

inhibit expression

98
Q

Positive control

A

promote expression

99
Q

LAC operon repressor

A

binds to DNA and prevents transcription

100
Q

Lactose effect on LAC operon

A

induces by binding to repressor; changes its shape and repressor comes off

101
Q

CAP effect on LAC operon

A

signals regarding availability of glucose and lactose

102
Q

Permase

A

facilities transport of lactose into bacterial cell; lactose turn off/on the LAC operon

103
Q

Structure of Chromatin

A

DNA wrapped around proteins(histones)

104
Q

activators

A

increase rate of transcription of target genes

105
Q

repressors

A

inhibit/reduce transcription of specific region of genes

106
Q

Chromatin Remolding

A

change structure of DNA to allow access for DNA transcription

107
Q

RNA Processing

A

capping and splicing

108
Q

Histones

A

provide structure for DNA wrapping

109
Q

nucleosome

A

histones on string of DNA

110
Q

Heterochormatin

A

condensed

111
Q

uchromatin

A

uncondensed/unwrapped

112
Q

DNA methylation

A

add methyl group, enzymes recognize and condense DNA

113
Q

Histone Modification: Acetylation

A

lysine added, becomes (-),(-) pair with DNA so DNA opens

114
Q

Histone Modification: Phosphorylation

A

opens DNA; phosphate is (-)

115
Q

chromatin remolding complex

A

open DNA by moving nucleosome

116
Q

Epigentic

A

environmental changes(reversible)- inheritable- can be good or bad

117
Q

operons

A

cluster of genes controlled by one set of regulatory mechanisms; regulated by presence of nutrient; inducible and repressible

118
Q

Inducer Exclusion

A

glucose blocks transport of other sugars like lactose

119
Q
A

BIO 101 (2 decks)

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