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BIO 101 > Bio Unit 4 > Flashcards

Bio Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Apoptosis

A

Uses Signals from checkpoint to commit programmed cell death; form apoptotic bodies cell shrinks with no inflammation

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2
Q

Necrosis

A

Accidental cell death; cell swells and ruptures releasing molecules

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3
Q

G1 Phase

A

cell growth- allows for rest period before S phase

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4
Q

S phase

A

DNA Synthesis

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5
Q

G2 Phase

A

DNA Repair and Growth

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6
Q

MPF

A

M phase promoting factor- CDK(kinase) binds to cyclin making it inactive but it begins to accumulate- CDK phosprylated at 2 sites inhibiting it- CDK dephosphorlated at inhibitory site creating active complex

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7
Q

Interphase

A

growth and metabolism

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8
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes decondense and spindle apparats forms

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9
Q

Prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope breaks down and spindles connect to centromeres

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10
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell along the metaphase plate

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11
Q

Anaphase

A

Tension on microtubules pulls chromatids apart to opposite sides of the cell

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12
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear envelopes reform and chromosome decondenses

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13
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cell splits into two daughter cells

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14
Q

M phase- Mitosis and Cytokinesis

A

Cell division

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15
Q

Kinetochore

A

protein complex associated with the DNA regions where copies of chromosomes are joined

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16
Q

Centromere

A

where chromosomes connect and spindle fibers attach

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17
Q

Microtubules

A

cytoskeletal component that separates sister chromatids during anaphase

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18
Q

What is separated in Meiosis 1?

A

Homologous Chromosomes

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19
Q

What is separated in Meiosis 2?

A

Sister Chromatids

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20
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

normal gene that promotes growth and proliferation of health cells

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21
Q

Oncogenes

A

mutated gene that drives cancer growth and proliferation

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22
Q

Tumor Supressor

A

prevent division of cancer cells

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23
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Cell has abnormal number of cells

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24
Q

Crossing over

A

homologous chromosomes come together and exchange parts of themselves- creates diversity by making unique chromosomes

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25
Q

independent assortment

A

chromosomes randomly align and split into separate daughter cells so that they receive a random assortment of chromosomes from parents

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26
Q

random fertilization

A

alleles combine randomly

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27
Q

Growth Factor Checkpoint

A

signaling molecules to near by cells to grow

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28
Q

Ras

A

growth factor bunds and turns on cyclin D and inhibitors

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29
Q

E2F/Rb

A

transition form G1 to S; turn on Cyclin E to drive replication; binds to cage(Rb)

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30
Q

E2F

A

turns on genes for S phase

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31
Q

Ras- Growth Factor

A

Ras turns on Cyk/Cydk–> Phosphorylates Rb–> E2F released –> genes turned on

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32
Q

Rb

A

Acts as cage for E2F; releases E2F Cyk/Cdk phosphorylates it

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33
Q

P53

A

“Guardian of Genome”; take signals and transfers into cellular action; fix or die(self destruct)

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34
Q

Most commonly mutated in cancer cells…

A

P53

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35
Q

How does P53 work

A

turned on by DNA damage–> phosphorylation–> drives expression of Cdk/Cfk inhibitor –> prevents cell cycle–>MDM2 binds and destroys P53

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36
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosome

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37
Q

Haploid

A

1 set of chromosome

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38
Q

Ploidy

A

number of complete chromosome sets

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39
Q

polyploidy

A

many sets of chromosomes

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40
Q

autosomal chromosome

A

non sex chromosome

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41
Q

sex chromosome

A

produce sex/gender

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42
Q

karyotype

A

appearance of condensed chromosome; help determine abnormalities

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43
Q

homologous chromosome

A

same size/shape but not identical

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44
Q

non-homologous

A

not the same size/shape

45
Q

sister chromatid

A

identical with the same alleles

46
Q

gene

A

segment of DNA on chromosome that influences trait

47
Q

allele

A

certain version of a gene

48
Q

nondisjunction

A

chromosomes don’t split; one cell has to many chromosomes; worse in Meiosis 1

49
Q

disjunction

A

chromosomes accurately seperate

50
Q

trisomy

A

extra chromosome

51
Q

monosomy

A

missing chromosome

52
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down syndrome- Autosomal

53
Q

Trisomy 18

A

Edward Syndrome- Autosomal

54
Q

Trisomy 13

A

Patau Syndrome- Autosomal

55
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

monosomy(X,0)

56
Q

Kinefelter Syndrome

A

XXY- trisomy- often undiagnosed

57
Q

Mosaicism

A

partial aneuploidy- mitotic errors later in development that don’t affect all cells

58
Q

Reasons for Nondisjunction

A

proteins that hold chromosomes together fail; microtubules don’t connect or operate properly

59
Q

purifying selection

A

eliminate unfavorable mutations

60
Q

changing environment

A

diversity of genes allow to survive changing enviorment

61
Q

chromosomal theory of inheritance

A

genes on chromosome and how they move determines genotype

62
Q

blending inheritance

A

parents traits blend together

63
Q

acquired characters

A

acquired traits are passed to offspring

64
Q

Why was Mendel lucky?

A

picked peas

65
Q

polymorphic traits

A

result from more than one gene/allele

66
Q

true/pure breeding

A

homozygous for genes

67
Q

monohybrid cross

A

cross between homozygous but for different alleles

68
Q

Reciprocal Cross

A

switch which trait came from mom vs dad; disproved

69
Q

Particulate Inheritance

A

particles(chromosomes) that aren’t blended/modified. maintain integrity though generations

70
Q

Principle of segregation

A

particles must seperate

71
Q

dihybrid cross

A

mate between true breeding at two alleles

72
Q

sex-linked genes

A

expressed on X and Y chromosome; phenotype depends on sex bc homologous not identical

73
Q

hemizygous

A

only carries one; not on y

74
Q

linkage

A

tendency of genes to be inherited together; close together and stay together during crossing over

75
Q

loci

A

specific position on chromosome

76
Q

P arm

A

short arm

77
Q

Q arm

A

long arm

78
Q

multiple allelism

A

more than two common alleles of the same gene

79
Q

Complete Dominance

A

one allele is completely dominant over all others

80
Q

Codominant

A

two versions of gene/allele are expressed equal; patched

81
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

phenotype is a blend of the parents

82
Q

monogenic

A

one gene; one trait

83
Q

pleiotropic

A

gene influences multiple traits; causes issues

84
Q

polygenic

A

multiple genes influence single trait

85
Q

discrete traits

A

grouped- eye color

86
Q

quantitive trait

A

fall on continuum- height

87
Q

mode of transmission

A

inheritance observed as a trait; inheritance influences traits

88
Q

True or False: the M phase checkpoint is actually two checkpoints at the transition between metaphase and anaphase and at the transition between anaphase and telophase.

A

True

89
Q

The extrinsic apoptosis pathway initiates apoptosis via _______ that initiates a signal cascade that eventually activates caspases.

A

binding to death receptors

90
Q

Cells that fail the G1 checkpoint may

A

enter G0 phase or programmed death

91
Q

G0

A

where cells go if they don’t pass G1 checkpoint to rest

92
Q

Sub phases of interphase

A

G1; S; G2

93
Q

Procaspases are inactive proteolytic enzymes that are activated by cleavage. This type of posttranslational modification is critical because

A

its irreversible

94
Q

True or False: the nuclear envelope breaks down in metaphase and reforms in telophase.

A

false

95
Q

The cyclin dependent kinase domain of MPF

A

phosphorylates mitosis proteins to promote entry into M phase

96
Q

True or False: Cytokinesis is a part of M phase but it is not a part of mitosis.

A

True

97
Q

True or False: Cells stalled at the G1 checkpoint must choose to proceed through cell cycle, enter into stasis, or enter into programmed cell death.

A

True

98
Q

Rb is a tumor suppressor that functions by binding and inhibiting E2F until CDK ____.

A

hyperphosphorlyates Rb and causes it to release E2F

99
Q

Cyclins are a subunit of MPF and

A

their expression fluctuates throughout the cell cycle

100
Q

Nondisjunction that leads to problems in offspring can occur in

A

Meoisis 1/2 and mitosis

101
Q

True or False: Crossing over occurs between sister chromatids

A

False

102
Q

True or False: Sister chromatids are homologous chromosomes.

A

False

103
Q

Genetic recombination?

A

the new combination of maternal and paternal chromosome segments that results when homologs cross over

104
Q

True or False: A chiasma forms between two of the four molecules of double-stranded DNA on duplicated homologous chromosomes.

A

True

105
Q

Chiasma

A

physical linkage of homologous chromosomes

106
Q

True or False: A testcross is the breeding of an individual that expresses a dominant phenotype but unknown genotype with an individual having only dominant alleles for the gene of interest.

A

False

107
Q

True or False: Linked genes are always inherited together.

A

False

108
Q

The alleles found in haploid organisms cannot be dominant or recessive. Why?

A

because only one alley is present so its always dominant

109
Q

True or false: The farther apart genes are on a chromosome, the more likely there is to be a crossover between these genes during meiosis.

A

True bc there are more opportunities for recombination

BIO 101 (3 decks)

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