Unit 3 Flashcards
Conclusions or inferences we make about people based on their group membership, such as race, religion, age, or gender
Stereotype (belief)
Holding hostile or negative attitudes toward an individual or group
Prejudice (attitude)
Showing favoritism or hostility to others because of their affiliation with a group
Discrimination (behavior)
An individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race
Racism
Simultaneously holding egalitarian values and negative feelings toward minorities
Aversive Racism
The act of placing objects into meaningful groups
Categorization
Tendency to exaggerate differences between groups
Accentuation Effect
The assumption that outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup members are to one another
Outgroup Homogeneity Effect
Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists
Illusory Correlation
The co-occurrence of two distinct events makes the relationship between those events seem stronger than it is
Implication
Part of self-concept based on identification with group(s)
Social Identity
People who belong to the same group or category as we do; “us”
Ingroup
People who belong to a different group or category than we do; “them”
Outgroup
People who socially identify with group derive self-esteem in part from group membership
Social Identity Theory
People may learn to automatically associate certain groups with fear or other negative emotions
Classical Conditioning
People who are reinforced (rewarded) for prejudiced attitudes will strengthen those attitudes
Operant Conditioning
People often copy the prejudiced behavior of others such as peers or parents
Observational Learning
Interaction between groups will reduce prejudice if optimal conditions are met
Intergroup Contact Hypothesis
Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
Aggression
Hurting someone else’s body
Physical Aggression
Hurting someone else’s feeling or threatening their relationships
Relational Aggression
“hot”, impulsive, angry behavior motivated by a desire to harm someone
Hostile Aggression
“cold”, premeditated, calculated, harmful behavior that is a means to some practical or material end
Instrumental Aggression
The sex with the higher minimum obligatory investment in offspring will be choosier when selecting a mate
Parental Investment Theory
Behavior is learned by observing others being rewarded or punished for the behavior
Social Learning Theory
Method for statistically combining the results of multiple studies
Meta-analysis
Desire to approach someone or get to know them more
Attraction
We like people who are near to us because they are familiar
Proximity
We like others who are similar to us
Similarity
We like others who like us
Reciprocity
Feeling of depravation and unsatisfaction with social ties
Loneliness
Lacking a network of friends/acquaintances
Social loneliness
Lacking a single close relationship with emotional support
Emotional Loneliness
The theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs
Social Exchange Theory
The idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection (to enhance the survival of mutually shared gene)
Kin Selection
The finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders
Bystander Effect
Psychological arousal and sexual attraction
Passion
Feelings of closeness, sharing support, and mutual concern
Intimacy
