Unit 2 Flashcards
Genetic differences that affect traits
Variation
Genes that can be passed down to offspring
Inheritance
Genes that help survival become more common in the gene pool, whereas genes that hinder survival slowly start to disappear
Natural Selection
Even if a gene threatens survival, it will be selected for as long as it helps reproduction
Sexual Selection
Genes selected for because they make one attractive to the opposite sex
Intersexual Selection
Genes selected for because they enhance competitiveness with same sex rivals
Intrasexual Selection
Some people have more offspring than others, and therefore pass on more of their genes
Differential Reproductive Success
The sex with the high minimum obligatory investment in offspring will be choosier when selecting a mate
Parental Investment Theory
An approach examining how social interactions and culture influence behavior and mental processes
Sociocultural Perspective
The enduring behavior, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Culture
Standards for accepted and expected behavior
Social Norms
A set of behavior expectations for males and females
Gender Roles
Discrepancy between women’s ability and achievement
Achievement-ability-gap
Women work and then do majority of the housework and childcare at home
The Second Shift
The tendency to modify behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and opinions to match those of others
Conformity
Conforming to be liked and to achieve acceptance
Normative Social Influence
Conforming to be correct
Informational Social Influence
Changing behavior because we have been ordered to do so by an authority figure
Obedience
Intentionally trying to make people change their attitudes and beliefs, which may lead to changes in their behavior
Persuasion
Relies on controlled processing and elaboration
Central Route
Relies on automatic processing and heuristics
Peripheral Route
Influence technique in which one starts with an inflated request and then retreats to a smaller request that appears to be a concession
Door-in-the-face Technique
Influence technique in which one first makes an inflated request, but before the person can answer yes or no, sweetens the deal by offering a discount or bonus
That’s-not-all Technique
Influence technique in which one starts with a small request in order to gain eventual compliance with a larger request
Foot-in-the-door Technique
Influence technique in which one first gets a person to comply with a seemingly low-cost request and only later reveals hidden additional costs
Low-ball Technique
Influence technique in which one tells people that an item is in short supply
Limited-number Technique
Influence technique in which one tells people that an item or price is only available for a limited time
Fast-approaching-deadline Technique
Two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as “us”
Group
The implicit or explicit rules a group has for acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of it is members
Social Norms
Shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave
Social Roles
The strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others
Social Facilitation
The tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable
Social Loafing
Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; loosens normal constraints on behavior
Deindividuation
A self-concious state in which attention focuses on oneself and it makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions
Self-Awareness
Tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial leaning of its members
Group Polarization
Groups tend to discuss ideas that support the dominant viewpoint, and this can lead to persuasion
Informational Social Influence
We may express stronger opinions after discovering that others share our views to achieve acceptance
Normative Social Influence
Cohesive groups may emphasize consensus and agreement at the expense of critical thinking
Groupthink
