Unit 1 Flashcards
Synthesizes observations to explain phenomena and guide predictions to be tested through research
Theory
A statement that can be used to test a prediction in a specific research study
Hypothesis
how A and B are linearly related to each other
Correlation
Can be used to draw casual conclusions
Experiments
Cannot be used to draw casual conclusions
Coorelations
Withholding of truth or relevant information
Passive Deception
Intentionally misinforming
Active Deception
Collection of beliefs about one’s basic nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior
Self-Concept
People learn about themselves by imagining how they appear to others
Looking-glass Self
Process by which a person examines the contents of his or her own mental states
Introspection
Examining the difference between oneself and another person
Social Comparison
How favorably someone evaluates himself or herself
Self Esteem
Tendency to underestimate the number of people who share one’s most prized characteristics and availabilities
False Uniqueness Effect
Tendency to overestimate the number of people who share one’s opinions or negative qualities
False Consensus Effect
Tendency to claim credit for positive outcomes, and deny blame for negative outcomes
Self-serving Attribution
Personality trait marked by inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, and a sense of entitlement
Narcissism
The intuitive, unconscious, and fast way of thinking
Automatic Processing
The deliberate, conscious, and slower way of thinking
Controlled Processing
Mental shortcuts that enable quick, efficient judgements
Heuristics
The tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case
Representativeness Heuristic
The tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
Availability Heuristic
The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs
Overconfidence Phenomenon
Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a strong relationship than actually exists
Illusory Coorelation
A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions
Confirmation Bias
Proposes that once the mind draws a conclusion, it tends to stick with that conclusion unless there is overwhelming evidence to change it
Belief Perseverance
Reducing errors and biases by using controlled processing rather than automatic processing
Debiasing
The casual explanations people give for their own and others’ behavior for events in general
Attributions
Behavior assumed to result from traits or personality characteristics
Dispositional Attribution
Behavior assumed to result from situational factors
Situational Attribution
When judging other’s behavior we overestimate the influence of dispositional factors and underestimate the influence of situational factors
Fundamental Attribution Error
A social belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Different evaluations of the same target
Dual Attitudes
Attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report
Explicit Attitudes
Attitudes that exist outside of conscious awareness
Implicit Attitudes
An unpleasant psychological state when behavior and attitude are inconsistent
Cognitive Dissonance
When someone does something to bring their attitudes and behaviors back in line
Dissonance Reduction
When people suffer, work hard, or make sacrifices, they will try to convince themselves that it is worthwhile
Effort Justification
Cognitive dissonance experienced after making a difficult choice, typically reduced by increasing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and decreasing thee attractiveness of the rejected alternative
Post-decision Dissonance
