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AP Environmental Science > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Population growth rate (intrinsic growth rate)

A

the number of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period, minus the deaths of the individual or its offspring during that same time period

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2
Q

Biotic potential

A

under ideal conditions, with unlimited resources available, every population has a particular maximum potential for growth

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3
Q

K-selected species

A

species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches the carrying capacity of the environment

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4
Q

Carrying capacity

A

the limit to the number of individuals that can be supported by an existing habitat or ecosystem and is denoted as K

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5
Q

R-selected species

A

have a high intrinsic growth rate and their populations typically increase rapidly

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6
Q

Overshoot

A

when a population becomes larger than the environment’s carrying capacity

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7
Q

Dieback

A

a rapid decline in a population due to death. also known as die-off

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8
Q

K-selected characteristics

A

long life span, long time to maturity, few reproductive events, few offspring, larger offspring, parental care, slow growth rate, highly competitive, high impact of invasive species

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9
Q

R-selected characteristics

A

short life span, short time to maturity, many reproductive events, many offspring, small offspring, no parental care, fast growth rate, low competition, low impact of invasive species

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10
Q

Survivorship curves

A

graphs that represent the distinct patterns of species survival as a function of age

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11
Q

Type 1 survivorship curve

A

has a pattern of survival over time in which there is high survival throughout most of the life span, but then individuals start to die in large numbers as they approach old age (elephants, whales, humans)

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12
Q

Type 2 survivorship curve

A

pattern of survival over time in which there is a relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout most of the life span (chipmunks, squirrels)

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13
Q

Type 3 survivorship curve

A

has a low survivorship early in life with few individuals reaching adulthood. Those individuals that reach adulthood tend to live for a long time (mosquitoes, fish, frogs)

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14
Q

Density-dependent factors

A

a factor that influences an individual’s probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population

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15
Q

Density-independent factors

A

a factor that has the same effect on an individual’s probability of survival and reproduction at any population size

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16
Q

Population growth models

A

mathematical equations that can be used to predict population size at any moment in time

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17
Q

Fecundity

A

The ability to produce an abundance of offspring

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18
Q

Exponential growth model

A

a growth model that estimates a population’s future size after a period of time based on the biotic potential and the number of reproducing individuals currently in that population

19
Q

J-shaped curve

A

the curve of the exponential growth model when graphed

20
Q

Logistic growth model

A

a growth model that describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment

21
Q

S-shaped curve

A

the shape of the logistic growth model when graphed

22
Q

Limiting resource

A

a resource that a population can’t live without and that occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size

23
Q

Demography

A

Study of human populations and population trends

24
Q

Demographer

A

Scientist in the field of demography

25
Q

Immigration

A

The movement of people into a country or region, from another country or region

26
Q

Emigration

A

The movement of people out of a country or region

27
Q

Crude birth rate

A

The number of births per 1000 individuals per year

28
Q

Crude death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 individuals per years

29
Q

Net migration rate

A

The difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1000 people in a country

30
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate of that country

31
Q

Infant mortality

A

The number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1000 live births

32
Q

Child mortality

A

The number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1000 live births

33
Q

Environmental justice

A

The study of the disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards experienced by people of color, recent immigrants, and people of lower socio-economic backgrounds; and is both an academic field and a social movement

34
Q

Age structure diagram

A

A visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country typically expressed for males and females

35
Q

Population pyramid

A

An age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom and narrowest at the top, typical of developing countries

36
Q

Developing countries

A

Countries with relatively low levels of industrialization and income

37
Q

Developed countries

A

Countries that have relatively high levels of industrialization and income

38
Q

Population momentum

A

Continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been implemented

39
Q

Total fertility rate

A

An estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years

40
Q

Family planning

A

The regulation of the number of spacing of offspring through the use of birth control

41
Q

Replacement-level fertility

A

The total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size

42
Q

Doubling time

A

The number of years it takes a population to double

43
Q

Rule of 70

A

A method which dictates that by dividing the number 70 by the percentage population growth rate we can determine a population’s doubling time

44
Q
A

AP Environmental Science (7 decks)

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