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AH Biology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Whats included in the Scientific Cycle?

A

-Observation
-Testable Hypothesis
-Experimental design
-Gathering, recording and analysis of data
-Evaluation of results and conclusions
-Formation of a revised hypothesis where necessary

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2
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

The null hypothesis proposes that there will be no statistically significant effect as a result of the experiment treatment

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3
Q

Peer Review

A

Specialists with expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript and make recommendations regarding its suitability for publication

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4
Q

Review Articles

A

Summaries current knowledge and recent findings in a particular field

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5
Q

3 Rs in Animal Studies

A

Replacement
Reduction
Refinement
All are used to minimize the harm to animals

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6
Q

What is needed in Human Studies

A

Informed consent, the right to withdraw and confidentiality in human studies

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7
Q

Validity

A

Varibles controlled so that any measured effect is likely to be due to the independant varible

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8
Q

Reliability

A

Consistent values in repeats and independent replicates

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9
Q

Accuracy

A

Data, or means of data sets, are close to the true value

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10
Q

Precision

A

Measured values are close to each other

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11
Q

Pilot Study

A

A small-scale study conducted to refine values for independent and controlled varibles prior to conductioning an experiment

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12
Q

Independent varible

A

An independent variable is the variable that is changed in a scientific experiment

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13
Q

Dependent Varible

A

A dependent varible is the varible being measured in a scientific experiment

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14
Q

Continous Variable

A

Continuous variation where there is a range of values between a minimum and a maximum

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15
Q

Discrete Variation

A

Variation where measurements fall into distinct groups

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16
Q

Simple Experimental Design

A

The control of laboratory conditions allows simple experiments to be conducted more easily than in the field. However, a drawback of a simple experiment is that its finding may not be applicable to a wider setting

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17
Q

Multi factorial Experimental Design

A

A multifactorial experiment involves a combination of more than one independent variables or combination of treatments

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18
Q

Observational Studies

A

These do not directly test a hypothesis so are less useful for determining causation. The independent variable is not directly controlled by the investigator, for ethical or logical reasons

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19
Q

Confounding Variables

A

Factors that influence the results of an experiment and cause mistaken association between the independent and dependent variable to be made

20
Q

Randomized Block Design

A

Randomized Block Design and control groups can be distributed in such a way that the influence of any confounding variable is likely to be the same across the treatment and control groups

21
Q

Positive Control

A

A positive control is a treatment that is included to check that the system can detect a positive result when it occurs

22
Q

Negative Control

A

The negative control provides results in the absence of a treatment

23
Q

Placebo

A

Placebos can be included as a treatment without the presence of the independent variable being investigated. This is a specific type of negative control often used in drug and vaccine trials

24
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Placebo effect is a measurable change in the dependent variable as a result of a patient’s expectations, rather than changes in the independent variable

25
Q

In Vivo

A

In vivo refers to experimentation using a whole, living organism

26
Q

In vitro

A

In vitro refers to the technique of preforming a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism

27
Q

Representative Sample

A

A representative sample should share the same mean and the same degree of variation about the mean as the population as a whole

28
Q

Random Sampling

A

In random sampling, members of the population have an equal chance of being selected

29
Q

Systematic Sampling

A

In systematic sampling, members of a population are selected at regular intervals

30
Q

Stratified Sampling

A

In stratified sampling, the population is divided into categories that are then sampled proportionally

31
Q

Variation

A

Variation in experimental results may be due to the reliability of measurement methods and/or inherent variation in the specimens. The range of values is a measure of the extent of variation in the results. If there is a narrow range then the variation is low

32
Q

Independent Replicate

A

Independent replication should be carried out to produce independent data sets

33
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Quantitative data can be measured objectively, using with a numerical value

34
Q

Qualiative Data

A

Is subjective and descriptive

35
Q

Ranked Data

A

Ranked data refers to the data transformation in which numerical values are replaced by their rank when the data are sorted from lowest to highest

36
Q

Mean, median and mode

A

The mean of a data set is found by adding all numbers in the data set and then dividing by the number of values in the set. The median is the middle value when a data set is ordered from least to greatest. The mode is the number that occurs most often in a data set

37
Q

Box Plot

A

Box plots to show variation within and between data sets. They also show the median, lower quartile, upper quartile and inter quartile range

38
Q

Error Bars

A

Error bars indicate the variability of data around a mean. If the treatment mean differs from the control mean sufficiently for their error bars not to overlap, this indicates that the difference may be significant

39
Q

Statistically Significant Result

A

A statistically significant result is one that is unlikely to be due to chance alone

40
Q

Correlation

A

Correlation exists if there is a relationship between two variables. Correlation is an association and does not imply causation

41
Q

Causation

A

Causation exists if the changes in the values of the independent variable are known to cause changes to the value of the dependent varible

42
Q

Positive Correlation

A

A positive correlation exists when an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in the other variable

43
Q

Negative Correlation

A

A negative correlation exists when an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in the other variable

44
Q

Strong and Weak Correlations

A

Strength of correlation is proportional to spread of values from line of best fit

45
Q

Scientific Reports

A

Scientific reports should contain an explanatory title, an abstract including aims and findings, an introduction explaining the purpose and context of the study including the use of several sources, supporting statements, citations, and references

46
Q

The aim and conclusions

A

An aim must link the independent and dependent variables

47
Q

Selection Bias

A

Selection bias is the selection of a sample is a non random way, so that the sample is not representative of the whole population

AH Biology (4 decks)

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