Unit 1.1

Question 1

Hazard

Answer 1

Anything that could potentially cause harm

Question 2

Examples of Hazards

Answer 2

toxic and corrosive chemicals, heat and flammable substances, pathogenic organisms and mechanical equipment

Question 3

Risk

Answer 3

A risk is the likelihood of harm arising from exposure to a hazard

Question 4

What is a Risk Assesement

Answer 4

This involves identifying possible risks and the control measures to minimize them

Question 5

Examples of Control Measures

Answer 5

Appropriate handling techniques, protective clothing and equipment, and aseptic technique

Question 6

What are linear dilution series?

Answer 6

These differ by a equal interval

Question 7

What are log dilution series?

Answer 7

These differ by a constant interval

Question 8

Why and how is a standard curve produced?

Answer 8

This is produced by plotting measured values for known concentrations; it is used to determine the concentration of an unknown concentration

Question 9

What are buffers used for?

Answer 9

These are used to control pH; the addition of acid or alkali only has a very small effect on its pH, allowing the pH of a reaction mixture to be kept constant

Question 10

What is a Colorimeter used for?

Answer 10

These are used to quantify the concentration and turbidity of a solution

Question 11

How are colorimeters used?

Answer 11

-The colorimeter is calibrated using an appropriate blank as a baseline
-The measurement of absorbance is used to determine the conc of a colored solution using suitable wavelength filters
-The measurement of percentage transmission is used to determine turbidity

Question 12

What is a centrifugation

Answer 12

This is a technique used to separate substances of differing density. More dense components settle in a pellet, were as the less dense remain as the supernatant

Question 13

What is paper and thin layer chromatography

Answer 13

This can be used for separating different substances such as amino acids and sugars

Question 14

What does the speed relate to in chromatography

Answer 14

The speed at each solute travels along the chromatogram depends on its solubility in the solvent used

Question 15

What is Affinity Chromatography

Answer 15

This is a separation technique in which the soluble target proteins with a high affinity in a mixture become attached to specific molecules as the mixture passes down a column. Non-target molecules with a weaker affinity get washed out

Question 16

What is Gel Electrophoresis

Answer 16

This is a technique that can be used to separate proteins and nucleic acids

Question 17

What is Native Gel Electrophoresis

Answer 17

This separates proteins and nuclei acids by their shape, size and charge. this does not denature molecules

Question 18

SDS-PAGE

Answer 18

This gives all the molecules an equally negative charge and denatures them, separating protein by size alone

Question 19

What is Isoelectric Points

Answer 19

This is when the pH at which a soluble protein has no net charge and will precipitate out of solution

Question 20

How can soluble proteins be separated

Answer 20

Soluble proteins can be separated using an electric field and a pH gradient

Question 21

How can proteins be detected?

Answer 21

Antibodies

Question 22

What are immunoassay techniques used for and what do they use?

Answer 22

These are used to detect and identify specific proteins. These techniques used stocks of antibodies with the same specificy, known as monoclonal antibodies

Question 23

Examples of Chemical Labels

Answer 23

-Reporter enzymes - produces colour change
-Chemiluminescence
-Fluroescense

Question 24

What is Weston Blocking?

Answer 24

This is a technique used after SDS-PAGE electrophorosis. The seperated proteins from the gel are transferred on to a solid medium

Question 25

Why is Weston Blocking used?

Answer 25

To prevent unspecific bonding

Question 26

What is Bright-field microscopy used for?

Answer 26

This is commonly used to observe whole organisms, parts of organisms, thin sections of deserted tissue or individual cells

Question 27

How is fluorescence microscopy preformed?

Answer 27

This uses fluorescence labels to bind to and visualize certain molecules or structures within cells or tissues

Question 28

What is the purpose of Aseptic Techniques

Answer 28

It eliminates unwanted microbial contaminants when culturing micro-organisms or cells

Question 29

How are Aseptic Techniques carried out

Answer 29

It involves the sterilization of equipment and culture media by heat or chemical means, and subsequent exclusion of microbial contaminants

Question 30

What do Culture media’s do

Answer 30

They promote the growth of specific types of cells and microbes

Question 31

What Culture media does Animal Cells need and why?

Answer 31

Growth factors from serum, growth factors are proteins that promote cell growth and proliferation

Question 32

Whats the difference between primary cell lines and tumour cell lines?

Answer 32

Primary cell lines can divide limited number of times, whereas tumour cell lines can preform unlimited divisions

Question 33

What are Haemocytometers?

Answer 33

These are used to estimate cell numbers in a liquid culture

Question 34

What is Vital Staining?

Answer 34

This is required to identify and count viable cells

Question 35

3 Examples of Media Culture?

Answer 35

-agar medium
-Broth with suitable nutrients
-Growth factors from serum