Unit 3 Flashcards
Problem: American settlers are moving into Canada
Claim sovereignty over the land before the US does
Problem: BC is too far away from the rest of the country
Connect to BC with a transcontinental railroad
Problem: Ontario and Quebec are very small provinces
Bring in more people and create diversity with jobs/business
Problem: There are no provinces in the middle of Canada and it is sparsely populated
Create provinces and bring in immigrants from eastern Canada to the west
Problem: The US has a large economy. How can Canada compete?
Create a tariff to protect Canada’s economy from lower priced goods
Problem: Metis and FN occupy most of the NW Territories
Assimilate, separate, or disperse them to make room for new European immigrants
Problem: HBC still owns Rupert’s Land
Buy or take the land back
What was the appeal and urgency of purchasing Rupert’s Land after confederation?
it’s agricultural potential
What was another reason the purchase of Rupert’s Land was so important?
Incoming US immigrants and possible annexation of Rupert’s Land
The area most affected by the acquisition of Rupert’s Land was where?
The settlement along the Red and Assiniboine Rivers
T/F? PM John A. Macdonald expected HBC to deal with any issues related to land titles
True
T/F? The Metis and FN were consulted with first before the transfer of Rupert’s Land to the Dominion of Canada
False
Who was Andre Nault?
Louis Riel’s cousin and the owner of the land the surveyors were trespassing on.
What was the Red River Rebellion about?
- McDougall sent out a team of men to survey the land to prepare for influx of settlers. They did not ask permission.
- Metis stepped on their chains to protest.
Metis set up a provisional gov’t. Sent a letter to fed gov’t to request their rights. - Prevented McDougall from entering RR region at the border.
- Metis overtook Fort Garry in order to send a message that they wanted to be heard.
- Killed Thomas Scott because he was mocking the Metis.
- This created an outbreak of anger in the east. Sent military and volunteers to Fort Garry to overtake it. Riel had fled.
T/F? PM Macdonald asked McDougall to halt the surveying and land transfer until the issues could be resolved with the Metis.
True
Why did the Metis form a provisional gov’t?
To keep peace and order in the region
What role did Dr. John Schultz play in the Red River Rebellion?
He wanted to overthrow the Metis provisional gov’t at Upper Fort Garry, but was arrested, along with Thomas Scott. When he escaped, he fled back to Ontario to raise alarm and gather military.
What was Thomas Scott?
Surveyor from Ontario; arrested for trying to overthrow Metis gov’t; was executed by firing squad because he continuously taunted the Metis
What was all in the Bill of Rights the Metis provisional gov’t provided?
- Rupert’s Land/NWT to not be a part of Dom of Canada; just Assiniboia
- respect rights/privileges
- allowed to vote
- control over public lands
- to determine mineral wealth of area
- treaties made between Assiniboia and Dom of Canada
- bilingual
- to not be involved in war between Canada and another country
What was the Manitoba Act?
Detailed the terms by which Manitoba joined confederation in 1880
What was the purpose of the Manitoba Act?
to decreased tension between Metis and Gov’t of Canada
5 terms of the Manitoba Act
- self-governing
- schools
- bilingual
- land titles for Metis children
- land titles for those who already had land
What was the Reign of Terror?
Ontario military and volunteers came to Red River region to punish those who killed Thomas Scott; raped, beat, harassed Metis
Reality of the Manitoba Act
- land distribution was unfair
- land away from rivers, poor quality
- size of allotments changed
- land owners had to make changes to their land
- use grid system
- Act tooks years to implement
After the Red River Rebellion, where did many Metis move to?
NWT (present day Sask/Alberta)
What were some challenges in the NWT for the Metis?
-lack of jobs due to steamboats being used to transport furs
-extinct bison
-crop failures
-smallpox
-CPR taking over their land
-settlers taking over their land
What was the NW resistance?
-Metis starving
-raided stores/homes for food; terrified settlers
-gov’t sent in troops to control situation
-Riel gave himself up but said they were only acting in self-defence
What was the major difference between the Red River Resistance, and the North-West Resistance, in terms of those involved?
The North-West Resistance included First Nations; they were also starving.
Trial of Louis Riel
-moved trial from Wpg to Regina due to less chance of having Metis in jury
-Riel encouraged to claim insanity, which he did not
-found guilt by 6 white jurors
-hung and body transported back to Wpg
Metis Life after 1885
-mistrusted by gov’t
-leader Riel was dead
-no land base was offered
-those who farmed had little money or eqpt to do it well
What was John A. Macdonald’s dream?
To build a transcontinental railroad across Canada
What was the problem with Macdonald’s dream?
the land needed for the railroad was occupied by the Metis/FN
How did the gov’t deal with the Metis/FN in terms of the land needed for the railroad?
Negotiated treaties with the First Nations
In order to prepare for the influx of settlers the railroad would bring, the government introduced the Dominion Lands Act. Explain.
-Land divided into grids
-section/township/range
-land free further away from rail
-closer land was costly
Why did Macdonald lose the federal election during this time?
Pacific Scandal - accepted money in exchange for a contract to build railroad
Who was newly elected? Why did it not go well for him?
-Alexander Mackenzie Kind
-was not in favour of the railroad
-also a worldwide depression and lack of money everywhere
Macdonald, re-elected, created the National Policy. What were the three goals?
- improve trade bring bringing in tariffs
- create communication and transportation lines, meaning phone and trail
- protect the west from US annexation by bringing in settlers
How long did surveying take for the railroad?
10 years
Where did the rail line start in both the west and the east?
West - Port Moody
East - Montreal
Where did the rail lines meet?
Craigellachie, BC
Explain some aspects of building the rail.
- cheap Chinese laborers who often did the most dangerous work
- rough working conditions with many natural dangers (animals, heat, cold, sickness, poor clothing)
- took 4.5 years
- Chinese fired on the spot after completion
- Line was extended to Vancouver due to generosity of rich land owners
- Many luxurious hotels built along rail line
Why did numbered treaties occur during this time?
To open up land for immigrant settlers and ensure peaceful relations between them and First Nations
Benefits of Numbered Treaties
-payment for signing
-annual payment
-reserve land
-hunting/fishing rights
-suit for chief
-medal/flag for chief
-basic ag equipment
Why were FN able to better negotiate terms in later treaties?
They learned from past mistakes
What did the gov’t hope to accomplish by establishing reserves?
Hoped the FN would adopt a European way of life
4 reasons why FN signed the numbered treaties
- protect culture and way of life
- bison almost extinct
- smallpox epidemic
- wanted peaceful relations with gov’t
Three main issues with the numbered treaties for FN
- reserves were small
- oral promises not recalled
- ongoing issues with gov’t
What are land agreements?
Modern day treaties between the fed and prov gov’t, plus the specific aboriginal group
How were the FN affected by the Indian Act?
Pass System: needed a pass to leave reserve
Indian Agent: controlled the goings-on in a reserve
Band Councils: could form their own gov’t
“Indian” - male, live on reserve, less restrictions with hunting/fishing, free college, health benefits
Marginalization of Reserves: poor land, no resources
Residential Schools
separated youth from families to learn to be more European; suffered severe punishments, lost language and culture, inferior education
Suppression of culture and traditions
gov’t did not allow sundances or potlatches on reserves
Aboriginals in WW1
used in military service; did not receive post war benefits; gave up Indian status to fight
Four causes of WW1
- Militarism: arsenal race
- Imperialism: Germany wanted more land
- Nationalism: some cultures wanted people together in their own land
- Military Alliances: countries coming together in times of conflict to support one another
Triple Entente
Britain/Russia/France
Triple Alliance
Italy/Austria-Hungary/Germany
Ways the war affected Canadians at home
- Women - ran businesses and farms
- Propaganda - posters used to entice young men to sign up
- Income Tax - intro to raise money for war effort
- Conscription - forced signup
- Conscientious Objectors - were not forced to fight due to religious reasons
Battle of Ypres
Germans released poisonous gas; urinated on handkerchiefs
Battle of Somme
90% of NFLD’s division were killed in an hour for only 13 km gain
Battle of Vimy Ridge
4 Cdn divisions fought together (100,000 altogether); got the ridge; vantage point to see and rail lines heading into Germany
Battle of Passchendaele
years of shelling/autumn rains turned battlefields into mud; 27th Wpg battalion fought in it; many drowned in mud; futile battle with little gain
Canada’s Hundred Days
last 100 days of war; Canadians captured over 30,000 Germans; broke main line of defense; took back several towns
Define “autonomy”
to become self-governing
Wm Lyon Mackenzie King elected 1921; what did he want for Canada?
Autonomy
Chanak Affair between Turkey and Britain; wanted Canada troops to help. What did we say?
“No thank you”
Halibut Treaty is signed. What did the British want? What did we say?
wanted halibut fishing season along with Canada and US; we said “No thank you”
Imperial Conference with the meeting of colony leaders wanted us all to follow new British policies. What did we say?
“No thank you”
The Balfour Report indicated that Britain could no longer do what?
Make rules or decisions for colonies
The Statute of Westminster indicated that Canada can now to what?
Make its own policies
**this was huge in Canadian history
