Unit 2 Flashcards
What were some concerns of both the British and the French after the Seven Years War?
- British believed that the French of New France could not be relied upon in times of war
- The French did not trust the British leaders
- French church leaders and seigneurs feared a loss of power
- French were not allowed to trade with France anymore, thereby causing their economy to be in disarray
- Many French were born in New France, and this was home; they didn’t want to or have the money to go back to France
- British entrepreneurs moved their businesses to New France
Who did the First Nations in the Ohio Valley create good alliances with - the British or the French?
The French
What did the British do to the First Nations in order to get rid of them?
Gave them smallpox infected blankets
Who was Chief Pontiac?
An Odawa chief who tried to build alliances with the British
What did Chief Pontiac do?
He gathered FN together to attack and set fire to 9 out of the 12 British forts in order to maintain their lands and hunting grounds; this became known as Pontiac’s War; this was two years of fighting; ended in a truce
Name and explain the four possible courses of action that BNA was considering to do to the French population?
- Expulsion - get rid of them, like the Acadians
- Anglicization - assimilate the French into British so their culture would disappear
- Continue with the French Seig. System so they would be happy and loyal
- Separate Colonies so the French would be happy
**difficult to do, cost, to govern, etc.
Define the Royal Proclamation
- create a boundary between the Thirteen Colonies and the Ohio Valley
- this would force more Americans to move north to BNA, thereby making BNA more anglicized and force the French to be more English
However, the Americans that moved north were not well-liked as they were not as hard-working, whined, and did not like the cold environment
Define the Quebec Act
-replaced the Royal Proclamation
-enlarged Quebec’s territory into the Ohio Valley
-guaranteed French language rights
-allowed French property and laws
-reinstated a church tax
However, this really angered the British who were living in the area creating much discontent, esp the Thirteen Colonies
What was the American War of Independence?
The rebels stated that they would not be a part of the Quebec Act, and deemed the Thirteen Colonies would act independently of Britain, and went to war against them
Who were the Loyalists?
The people from Thirteen Colonies who did not mind being under British control, and due to the War of Independence, headed north to BNA in order to remain safe
Define the Constitutional Act
Due to a growing rift between the French and the British in BNA, the governor-general decided that they would split Canada into upper and lower Canada, and each nationality would get one section; they would try to run two separate colonies within BNA; this did not work well, and it was decided that Upper and lower Canada would unite as one called the Province of Canada
Why was there a mass European migration for the first half of the 1800s?
Famine, poverty, poor working conditions caused many to migrate to BNA with the promise of land and open space; they were unprepared for the hard work that greeted them
What was the war of 1812 all about?
-between Britain and France
-each were trying to block each others’ ports from receiving goods from the US
-as well, many ignoring treaties with FN and moving west onto their lands
-the British helped the FN despite initial strains in the relationship because both did not want settlers to move west
-in order to get back at Britain, the US attacked Canada
-US troops unprepared for battle
-ended in a stalemate
-this war caused the queen to move the capital city from Toronto to Ottawa
Who was Thomas Douglas?
a wealthy landowner in Scotland who brought a large tract of land to help displaced Scottish highlanders who had their land taken away
What were three things Douglas promised HBC?
- to provide 200 men annually for the HBC fur trade
- to supply agricultural food to the trade posts
- provide a place of retirement for HBC workers
Describe the Selkirk settlement
-wasn’t ready for them when they arrived
-was an extremely difficult journey by ship to York Factory, then York boats down the river system to the Forks
-the Metis/FN were welcoming at first and helped them survive their first winter
-caused a rift between the two fur trading companies due to its location right in the middle of the NWC route
What was the Pemmican Proclamation?
it forbade the export of pemmican; this was done to gain the upper hand of the HBC over NWC; also to preserve and keep food within the region for its starving farmers; this ban led to a confrontation
What was the Battle of Seven Oaks?
-60 Metis/FN were heading illegally to Lk Wpg to trade pemmican
-were confronted by 29 HBC/settlers; most were killed
-bolstered by this win, the Metis/FN threatened to kill anyone on their lands
-settlers fled north to present-day Selkirk in order to avoid confrontation
What was the most sought after item at Fort Gibraltor?
blankets and cloth
French voyageurs had jobs while paddling. What were they?
Front - acted as a guide; avoided rocks, trees
Middle - was the power horse; very strong, small
Back - steered the canoe
What did the voyageurs do when they reached Fort Gibraltor?
Had a two week vacation to rest up; played cards or games; held competitions; packed up canoes with furs and headed back to Montreal
What was David Thompson known for?
The Man Who Looked at Stars
What did Thompson do?
mapped out much of Canada
Who was Alexander Mackenzie?
A NWC fur trader turned explorer; he wanted to find a better trade route with Russia; found a route to the Pacific Coast;
What was the role of George Simpson?
-known as the Little Emperor
-merged HBC and NWC due to ongoing conflict
-did not discuss with FN, and felt they needed to be put in their place
Challenges facing BNA: Political Deadlock
both Canada East and West denied each other any kind of resolution to their proposals and in effect, made the gov’t become deadlocked;
This pushed Canada towards confederation because there was a need for a united country
Challenges facing BNA: Economic and Geo Challenges
-Britain was slowing down in accepting BNA’s goods
-Britain put an end to corn laws (all imported grain)
-Canada east and west needed to look for new markets to buy their grain
-entered an economic depression
-geo challenges included the need for a railroad for more efficient trading and to connect with BC
This pushed Canada towards confederation because a railroad would improve economy
Challenges facing BNA: American Civil War
-Britain was still buying cotton from the southern states for clothing even though they stated they were neutral
-this angered the northern states and there was threat of retaliation into BNA
This pushed Canada towards confederation due to the need of having a military presence in times of need
Challenges facing BNA: The Trent Affair
-the Trent was a British mail ship
-on it were two confederate soldiers seeking help from Britain during the civil war
-the north took them into custody
-Britain threatened retaliation if they were not returned
-the northern states were threatening to attack BNA for this affair
This stressed the need for a solidified country and a military presence
Challenges facing BNA: St. Alban’s Raid
-BNA were hiding confederate soldiers who had robbed a bank in Vermont
-US wanted them back and Canada declined but did return some of the money
-this angered the US and the threat to attack was real
Again, the need for a military presence was necessary
Challenges facing BNA: The Manifest Destiny
-The US thought it was ordained by God that they expand their territory into Canada
-Canada was nervous that they would attack
**need for a military presence
Challenges facing BNA: Fenian Raids
-the Irish wanted to hold BNA colonies at ransom to help release Ireland from British rule
-some smaller battles were had but there was a need for Canada to have its own military presence
Challenges facing BNA: The End of REciprocity
-US and BNA agreed to free trade
-US cancelled this policy
-BNA lost their guaranteed market
This showed Canada that we need to unite to become stronger in our own manufacturing/trading/ etc.
Challenges facing BNA: The Imperial Nudge
British wanted Canada to stand on its own two feet; promised to help fund the railroad; BNA governors not in favor were replaced
Pros and cons of Canada East joining confederation
Pro - would retain culture, language
Con - less rep in pop
Pros and cons of Canada West joining confederation
Pro - rep by pop; a lot of power
Con - none reallyr
Pros and cons of NB joining confederation
Pro - railroad would help open up markets; cost to build would be shared
Con - railroad wasn’t guaranteed, more economic ties with the US simply due to geo location
Pros and Cons of NS joining confederation
Pro - would get better defense
Con - strong ties to Britain
Pros and cons of PEI joining confederation
Pros - none really as they were not in threat of US invasion
Cons - higher taxes to help pay for the railroad; weren’t in favor of their gov’t due to absentee land owners and the PEI gov’t not really doing anything about it
Pros and cons of NFLD joining confederation
Pro - better economic opportunities in terms of their resources (fishing, timber, ag industries)
Con - strong ties with Britain
What was the Great Coalition?
John A. Macdonald, Etienne Cartier, and George Brown unite to create a union within Canada
What was the Maritime Union?
a combination of the four maritime provinces rather than joining confederation as they were a unique area and had small populations in each
What happened at the Charlottetown conference?
-men representing each of the maritime provinces, plus Canada East and West, gathered to hear the benefits of joining confederation and not Maritime Union
-were reminded that they would all benefit from better defense
-were told they would get a centralized government who would help with their debts
What happened at the Quebec conference?
-delegates met in Quebec City
-agreed that if a new country be formed, British ties kept
-agreed that there should be layers of gov’t (national, provincial)
-agreed over how the power would be shared between national and provincial
What was the British North American Act?
a constitution that stated Canada East, West, NS, and NB wanted to join confederation; presented to British parliament in 1867
When did the BNA Act come into effect?
July 1, 1867
What was the Enfranchisement Act?
-put into place immediately after confederation
-goal was to simulate FN
-FN males allowed to vote but lost Indian status
What did the Constitutional Monarchy state?
-the king/queen of Britain had the authority in making or changing laws in Canada, not the prime minister
-the king/queen has a rep in Canada on their behalf, called the governor-general
-all proposed laws in Canada need “The Royal Assent” by the gov-gen
What is Canada’s Parliamentary System?
-it would contain a House of Commons, The Senate, and the cabinet
-it would have two official languages
