Unit 1 Flashcards
Which continent did First Peoples come from?
Asia
Which province did First Peoples come from?
Siberia
Why did First Peoples cross the land bridge?
To follow their food source
Who were the first, First Peoples, to cross the land bridge?
Mongoloids
What was the name of the land bridge?
Beringia
What is the current name of this geographical location?
Bering Strait
Where did the land bridge end?
Alaska
Where were the first pieces of evidence found?
Yukon
How did the land bridge form?
Water evaporated and returned to land as ice/snow. Dried up the ocean floor.
What weapon was used to determine the travels of First Peoples?
Spear points
What allowed the First Peoples to move south?
The melting of ice during the Ice Age
Which province did the First Peoples travel south through?
Alberta
How far south did the First Peoples eventually get to?
Southern point of South America
How did the First Peoples adapt to the cold?
built shelters, made fire, and made clothes from animal fur
Four distinct types of First Peoples and where they originated from.
- Negroid - Africa
- Caucasoid - Europe
- Mongoloid - Asia
- Australoid - Australia
Characteristics of the Inuit
igloos, muktuk (whale blubber and skin for food), ulus (skinning knife), kayaks and umiaks, inukshuks, meat usually eaten raw
Characteristics of the SubArctic
lean-tos, relied on berries, caribou, tumpline, toboggans, semi-nomadic
Characteristics of NW Coastal Peoples
cedar to make houses/canoes, longhouses, totem poles, salmon, not farmers due to abundance of food, wild forest animals, unique marriage system (husband pays for wife; she can leave after child born), potlatches
Characteristics of Plateau Peoples
pit house, salmon weirs, dugout canoes,
Characteristics of Plains Peoples
Mb/Alb/Sask, tipis, pemmican, buffalo, Sundance
Characteristics of Eastern Woodland Farmers
longhouses, Three Sisters (corns, beans, squash), Green Corn Festival, Feast of the Dead,
Characteristics of Eastern Woodland Hunters
Wigwam, Birch trees and uses, weren’t able to reply on agriculture due to short growing season, Wampum Belt, Kitchie Manitou
Who was Eric the Red?
Leif Erikson’s father who established a settlement in Greenland (named Greenland to entice people to settle there)
What did Leif Erikson do?
Explored beyond Greenland by following the coast north and then crossing over the Labrador Sea to current day Baffin Island and then down to present day Newfoundland
What settlement did the Vikings create in northern Newfoundland?
L’Anse aus Meadows
What was traded between the Vikings and the First Nations?
Metalware for furs
Why did Leif Erikson leave the New World after 3 years?
His father was ill
Europe was heavily invested in the spice trade. Why?
Salt allowed for meat preservation, but spices were also used as currency, perfume…
Besides salt, what were some other items of interest?
Textiles, tea, coffee, opium, silk, porcelain, exotic stones, gold, silver
How did the Europeans first get to India/China? What were some problems with this?
Overland; problems include time, civil wars, terrain (Alps), desert…
Due to the overland difficulties, what did Europeans do next? What were some issues with this?
Sailed down Red Sea and across Indian Ocean; problems include piracy, taxes
What did European kings do to avoid piracy and taxes?
Travelled west to get to the east; this was called the NW passage
Who was John Cabot?
Italian navigator hired by England to find Asia via the NW passage
Where did Cabot land?
Newfoundland; raised a cross and claimed the land for England
What did Cabot discover?
codfish in the Grand Banks
After the discovery of the Grand Banks, what did other European kings do?
Simply send over ships to fish to feed their people
Christopher Columbus veered south as he was looking for the NW passage. Where did he end up?
Bahamas
Who did Jacques Cartier sail for when exploring the NW Passage?
France
Describe Cartier’s first voyage
sailed around gulf of St. Lawrence; raised a cross on Gaspe Peninsula, ran into Chief Donnacona and sons, took his sons back to France to teach them French, so they could tell him where the NW passage was
Describe Cartier’s second voyage
Returned with the sons, sailed past Stadacona to Hochelaga, had to stop here due to rapids, stayed over winter in Stadacona, lost many men to scurvy, Chief Donnacona helped with boiling birch branches to produce Vit C, next spring kidnapped Chief Donnacona to convince the king of France to fund another trip due to rumors of riches (at this point not interested in finding passage)
What happened to Chief Donnacona?
Died in France from European disease
Describe Cartier’s third voyage.
Returned without Donnacona; told tribe he enjoyed France so much he wanted to stay (lie); tensions rose, Cartier came with loaded ships of agricultural supplies to set up first permanent settlement; Iroquois were not happy so set up settlement upriver, rough winter for scurvy, Iroquois burnt down forts, settlement failed; returned to France with what he thought were riches, but turned out to be Fool’s Gold and quartz
Why did travel to the New World come to a halt for 50 years?
- war between France and Britain
- trouble with First Nations
- Rapids
- Extremely cold winters (mini ice age)
- invaluable minerals
What is Cartier known for?
For discovering the “Key to Canada” which was discovering the St. Lawrence River
After decades of war, new sources of wealth were needed. What did the European kings remember the New World contained?
Fur
Who was Samuel de Champlain?
Commissioned by King of France to establish a permanent settlement, begin mapping the region, and establish a fur trade
Where did Champlain settle (two locations)?
First he set up at Ile Sainte Croix but only stayed one year due to poor defense and lack of shelter; then moved across the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal (present day Nova Scotia) due to its better shelter and defense
Describe Port Royal
well in center, built in a square, rooms for various people and jobs, traded with First Nations for furs,
What was Champlain known as?
Father of New France
Why did Champlain abandon Port Royal?
Because the monopoly of the fur trade was revoked
So, where did Champlain go?
He had heard of Cartier’s failed attempts at Stadacona, so Champlain decided to try again. He renamed the new colony Quebec. This was the beginning of a permanent French colony in the New World.
Three reasons why Europeans wanted to colonize North America.
- Mercantilism - a country could accumulate wealth by exporting more goods than importing
- Competition - the more land a country had, the more powerful they were
- Christianity - priests came with explorers to help spread Christianity amongst the “heathen” First Nations
Describe the Hudson’s Bay Company
formed in 1670, British, based out of York Factory but headquarters in London, England, had monopoly of fur trade for 80 years, had FN come to them for trade; eventually hired Scottish Orkneymen to paddle York boats when they went to FNs, trade routes went from Hubson’s Bay to Lakes Winnipeg and Manitoba to Red River and then westward
Describe the NWC
formed in 1779, headquarters in Montreal, travelled to FN, hired French Voyageurs, paddled canoes that could take the rapid waterways and portages, route from Montreal to St. Lawrence, to Lake Winnipeg to west
Describe some responsibilities of FN women of the fur trade
made moccasins, tanned hides and furs, snowshoes, knew flora and fauna, knew the language, knowledge of plants which could be eaten, acted as pack mules, medicinal properties of plants, became mothers of a new nation when they married voyageurs and birthed the Metis
Where were Metis children often sent to?
back east to Montreal or Europe to be educated; they were invaluable because they could speak the language, and learn the business of the fur trade
Advantages for the Indigenous with the meeting of Europeans
could trade furs for valued metalware, which made work easier, guns, more recently, health and educational benefits
Advantages for the Europeans with the meeting of Indigenous
introduction of new foods - maize, squash, pumpkins; gifts of tobacco, use of snowshoes, toboggans, geo knowledge
Disadvantages for the Indigenous with the meeting of Europeans
diseases (smallpox, typhus), loss of land, wildlife needlessly slaughtered, life disrupted
Disadvantages for the Europeans with the meeting of Indigenous
had to share land, FN took up sides with other European groups, creating conflict, had to adopt a new way of life, made new enemies
Why were the French fearful of moving to New France?
tensions with the Iroquois
How did the King of France help out with this situation?
Sent in troops to New France to fight the Iroquois
When tensions decreased, what happened to these ex-military men?
The king gave them tracts of land called seigneuries, and they became seigneurs
The king also encouraged women to emigrate - to marry these French seigneurs and to raise families, as Champlain did not want to see the colony die. Who were these women?
The King’s Daughters, or Les Fille du Roi; mainly from Paris, were often the ill, insane, poor, orphans…
What were the responsibilities of the seigneur?
divide up land, remain loyal to the king, collect rent, build a road, church, windmill, hold court
What were the responsibilities of the habitant?
clear trees, build a home the first year which would eventually become a barn later, plant crops, pay rent
What were some characteristics of a seigneury in terms of what was all involved?
houses would face south to catch the sun, seigneur’s house was build of rock whereas the habitants were wood, thatched roofs or wood shingles for the seigneur; located along the rivers for water source, travelled from one seigneury to another via canoes or roads eventually when they were built, furniture was built for practical purposes (chairs were open backed to allow sweat to dry on backs; armoire to store clothing or other items, pewter dishes so in case they broke, could melt down and reform; windmill to grind grain
The Acadian settlement was comprised of whom?
French settlers; however not considered a part of New France
Due to war between France and Britain, dispute carried over into Acadia, which was given to British as part of the settlement. What happened to the Acadians at this point?
Were expected to form allegiances with the British; were promised though at first they would not have to fight for British should war erupt again between them and France; however, that later changed and the Acadians said they would refuse; British exerted their influence and began to invade their properties, burn buildings, arrest men, force women and children onto canoes bound for ships who went to France, England, or 13 Colonies
Seven Years War was between which two countries?
England and France
What were England and France’s priorities during the Seven Years War?
France wanted to win the war in Europe while England wanted to win the war in New France
What was going on in the Ohio Valley?
The French had to rely on war supplies being shipped from France, whereas the British could send supplies from the Thirteen Colonies. The British also blocked the French ships after their takeover of the Fortress of Louisburg
Describe the Battle of the Plains of Abraham
General James Wolfe (British) was sent to conquer New France; set up camp on Isle D’Orleans; attacked for 9 weeks without success; sailed upriver past Fort Quebec in middle of night; scaled a cliff at L’Anse au Foulon, tricked a guard, and spread out in formation over 1 km width in a farmer’s field (Abraham); guard alerted the French troops who were in Beauport who had to hike back to fight; arrived exhausted; battle took 15 minutes, both generals died
Why were the French at Quebec unhappy with France after the war?
Felt they got little support from King of France
