Unit 3

Question 1

what was the purpose of the milgram experiment?

Answer 1

study obedience to an authority figure

Question 2

how did stanley milgram study obedience to an authority figure?

Answer 2

had a confederate (A confederate is anyone who supports you and works toward the same goal with you) be in the experiment and a volunteer, they had to draw slips of paper to determine who would be the teacher and who would be the learner. if the learner got something wrong on the test the teacher had to shock them with a higher voltage each time

Question 3

what was unethical about milgrams experiement?

Answer 3

picking the slips was rigged and the volunteer was always the teacher, this could cause psychological stress to the volunteer as he was encouraged to continue hurting a person

Question 4

what did the results of milgrams experiment show us?

Answer 4

that we can resist authority

Question 5

two types of deception (misrepresenting info to participants) in milgram’s experiments

Answer 5

misleading participants about a studys goals (participants agreed to take part in a study on memory and learning)
staging a situation (volunteers were unknowing participants in a staged play)

Question 6

why do researchers use decption?

Answer 6

because they think if they tell the participants whats actually going on, they will not agree to take place in it

Question 7

alternatives to deception

Answer 7

role playing
simulation studies
honest experiments

Question 8

what is role playing?

Answer 8

ask participants to role play
ex. imagine what you would do in this situation
ex. predict how real participants in a situation would behave
(issue with this is people might lie, or figure out what the researcher wants them to say. a real situation would be better)

Question 9

what is a simulation study?

Answer 9

used to examine conflict between individuals in a competition, driving behaviour using driving simulators or jury deliberations
normally dont raise ethical issues

Question 10

how is the stanford prison study an example of a simulation study?

Answer 10

students were paid to act as guards or prisoners in a simulated prison (experiement stopped early because the people of higher power (guards) started to take their role too seriously)
(the only simulation study that raised ethical issues

Question 11

what is an honest experiment?

Answer 11

research design that does not try to misinform or hide information from participants
ex. speed dating

Question 12

who developed a code of medical and research ethics?

Answer 12

nuremberg war tribunal

Question 13

why did they come up with the code of medical and research ethics?

Answer 13

after german doctors conducted horrific experiments on their prisoners (no informed consent)

Question 14

why is informed consent of participants often a problem for researchers?

Answer 14

knowledge of the hypothesis may bias the participants’ behavior.

Question 15

what are the recommendations to follow ethics according to nuremberg war tribunal?

Answer 15

participants should consent to participate in research
participants should be fully informed about the research’s purpose
risks should be avoided when possible
participants should be shielded against possible risks to the fullest extent
only scientifically qualified persons should conduct research
participants have the right to withdrawal from any research design at any time

Question 16

what are the two bodies that provide guidelines for ethical human research?

Answer 16

Tri-Council Policy Statement
the Canadian Psychological Association code of ethics

Question 17

the tri- council refers to the three federally funded research grant agencies, what are they?

Answer 17

canadian institutes of health research (CIHR)
social sciences and humanities research council of canada (SSHRC)
natural sciences and engineering research council of canada (NSERC)

Question 18

what is REB?

Answer 18

research ethics board (if you have funding from tri- council you must use a REB that reviews the study before starting any research on humans)

Question 19

what is exempt research?

Answer 19

research that does not require REB review when it:
only uses publicly available information that is legally accessible
only involves observing people in public places without any intervention or interaction by the researcher and no individuals can be identified when presenting the results
uses data that have already been collected and are completely anonymous

Question 20

what is minimal risk research?

Answer 20

risks of harm to participants are no greater than the risks on would normally encounter in daily life. approval of REB can be delegated to a single member rather than considered by the whole committee

Question 21

what is greater than minimal risk research?

Answer 21

subject to thorough review by the full REB committee
if trying to decide if the research is minimal risk or greater than minimal risk it will just be categorized as greater than minimal risk

Question 22

what are the 3 basic ethical principles that express the value of ensuring human dignity and are specified in the tri council policy statement (TCPS2)?

Answer 22

respect for persons
concern for welfare
justice

Question 23

how must researchers show respect for persons?

Answer 23

respect the autonomy (let people choose participation freely)
protect those who have developing, impaired autonomy
participants should be treated as autonomous and capable of making deliberate decisions to participate in research (informed consent)

Question 24

what is included in TCPS2 consent form? 7

Answer 24

-purpose of research
-procedures used (including time involved)
-risks and benefits to the participant and society
-any compensation
-how confidentiality will be protected
-assurance of voluntary participation
-permission to withdraw without penalty
-contact information if there are further questions

Question 25

what is assent?

Answer 25

when minors are asked to participate a parent or guardian must sign off for them and the minor must also sign (the minor signing is assent) this occurs with informed consent in TCPS2

Question 26

what is secondary use of data?

Answer 26

data that is being created and stored (by governments, businesses and researchers) as a result of our increased reliance on technology

Question 27

how must researchers show concern for welfare?

Answer 27

attempt to minimize risks associated with participating in research while maximizing the benefits of that research to individual participants and to society (participants can choose if the benefits outweigh the risks)

Question 28

how must researchers show justice?

Answer 28

treat people fairly recruitment methods that offer participation to people from a diverse range of social groups must be a scientific rationale to using age, gender or criteria to select participants (unethical to study a particular group of people to advance science if that group will not benefit from that research)

Question 29

the Tuskegee Syphilis Study represents a high risk study that was conduced on individuals because they were powerless and marginalized within society (justice issue) explain what occurred in this study

Answer 29

399 african americans were not given medical treatment in order to track the long term effects of this disease

Question 30

how does the TCPS2 deal with research involving indigenous people?

Answer 30

the research must engage and benefit the involved communities

Question 31

what is a risk/ benefit analysis?

Answer 31

calculate potential risks and benefits that are likely to result

Question 32

what do risks include in the risk/ benefit analysis?

Answer 32

physical harm psychological stress (also contributes to concern for welfare) losing privacy and confidentiality (important when studying sensitive topics such as SA, divorce, drug abuse. try to keep people anonymous)

Question 33

how can researchers keep participants anonymous?

Answer 33

dont need specific information about their personal life dont connect peoples identity with particular data (give them a code, so if the info does get out, the hacker wouldnt know whose is whose)

Question 34

what is debriefing?

Answer 34

occurs after the completion of the study where researcher may deal with issues of deception, withholding information and potential harmful effects of participation

Question 36

what are the two largest associations that promote the science of psychology through the nuremberg recommendations?

Answer 36

the american association (APA) the american psychological society (APS)

Question 37

what are the codes of ethics principles that the canadian psychological association (CPA) use?

Answer 37

respect the dignity of persons responsible caring integrity in relationships responsibility to society

Question 38

what does the respect for the dignity of persons principle emphasize?

Answer 38

moral rights

Question 39

what are the key aspects of the first principle (respect for the dignity of persons)?

Answer 39

informed consent privacy and confidentiality

Question 40

what is informed consent?

Answer 40

participants must give consent regarding their participation in a study, normally in the form of a document

Question 41

what does the informed consent form consist of?

Answer 41

general description of the research study clearly states that no penalty will result if you choose not to participate or you want to withdraw at any time

Question 42

how do children consent?

Answer 42

secured from a parent or legal guardian

Question 43

how is privacy and confidentiality, how does CPA go about doing that?

Answer 43

only gather peoples information that is needed for the study and store the information so that the persons information is private

Question 44

why is privacy and confidentiality so important?

Answer 44

to ensure that personally identifiable records (name, address) are kept only as long as necessary

Question 45

why do canadian researchers who opt to do online research often prefer to use companies that are based in canada?

Answer 45

due to the united states patriot act

Question 46

what is the united states partriot act?

Answer 46

an act that allows the government to access the records of internet service providers potentially putting the confidentiality of canadian participants at risk

Question 47

what are researchers required to do to limit the potential of a breach of personal data to unauthorized parties?

Answer 47

implement safeguards such as data encryption

Question 48

what does the second principle (responsible caring) mean?

Answer 48

leads psychologists to discern the potential harm and potential benefits of any given research project involving animals

Question 49

what are the three key aspects of the second principle (responsible caring)?

Answer 49

general caring competence and self knowledge risk/ benefit analysis or ratio

Question 50

what are the 4 things researchers must do in respect to general caring?

Answer 50

must protect and promote the welfare of participants should avoid doing harm to participants must accept responsibility for the consequences of their actions must ensure that any knowledge gained is not misused, intentionally or otherwise

Question 51

what does the key aspect "competence and self knowledge" mean?

Answer 51

psychologists should perform only those activities for which they have acquired competence researchers should keep themselves current (with respect to a broad range of relevant knowledge, research methods and techniques)

Question 52

what is the risk/ benefit analysis or ratio?

Answer 52

it asks the question " is the study worth it?" to see if the benefits outweigh the risks (no mathematical formula for this)

Question 53

deception should be considered when determining the risk/ benefit ratio, what is it?

Answer 53

the withholding of important information about the true purpose or methods in a study from the participants.

Question 54

why is the information about the true purpose or methods in a study withheld (deception)?

Answer 54

the information is withheld because the researcher deems that the participants knowledge of this information would alter or influence his or her behavior

Question 55

list some of the risks/ benefits that may result from the use of deception in a research study.

Answer 55

Will the results produced be interpretable? If the study is poorly designed and has little scientific merit, researchers cannot justify exposing participants to undo risk. Can any other low-risk procedures be instituted? Has previous research already been done? If so, why expose participants to needless risk? Do unique characteristics of certain participants put them at undue risk? May certain ethnic groups or personality factors put some individuals at more risk?

Question 56

why deception a dilemma for psychology?

Answer 56

Psychologists must seek methods that try to put participants at minimal risk. Minimal risk means that participation in an experiment does not place participants at any greater risk than what is normally expected in the course of their daily lives or during routine physical or psychological tests. even if the risks are small, participants should still be debriefed

Question 57

what are some guidelines for debriefing?

Answer 57

-if deception was necessary, explain how and why it was used and why it is not wrong in these circumstances -dont rush through the debriefing session -goal of the debriefing session is to return the participants back to the same mental and emotional state they were at the beginning of the experiment -researcher should repeat the guarantees of confidentiality and anonymity that were made clear at the beginning of the experiment -try to debrief immediately following the experiment (saying you will send an explanation of the results at a later date is not an effective debriefing strategy)

Question 58

what does the third principle (integrity in relationships) mean?

Answer 58

psychologists are expected to be accurate and honest, straightforward and open, have maximal objectivity and minimal bias, and avoid conflicts of interest

Question 59

what are the 2 key principles of principle 3?

Answer 59

accuracy and honesty plagiarism

Question 60

what does accuracy and honesty consist of?

Answer 60

researchers should not knowly participate in, condone or be associated with dishonesty, fraud or misrepresentation researchers should ensure that they only take credit for the work and ideas that they have actually done or generated and give credit for work done by others

Question 61

what is plagiarism?

Answer 61

presenting some elses ideas or work as ideas or works of your own

Question 62

what are 3 main things to keep in mind to avoid plagiarism?

Answer 62

if you are discussing another persons work or idea, always give them credit if you use exact words of another author use quotation marks and reference them (name, date, page) if you are putting material into your own words just reference the author and put the date

Question 63

what are 3 tips that help you become an effective paraphraser?

Answer 63

read the original material as many times as necessary until you completely understand its meaning put the original aside, write down your paraphrase and then compare it with the original (if it is too similar, change it) include a topic and reference with the paraphrase and a few words describing how you see the paraphrase fitting into your subject matter

Question 64

what is paraphrasing?

Answer 64

reworking the ideas of a reference in your own mind and then presenting that material in a new form (if you have 3 or more consecutive words in a sentence that are the same as the original, you should consider revising your sentence)

Question 65

what are two major responsibilities psychology has to society?

Answer 65

increase knowledge promote the welfare of all life

Question 66

what are the 4 key aspects of principle 4 (responsibility to society)?

Answer 66

participate in the development of knowledge and beneficial activities participate in the continued growth of yourself and teh science of psychology uphold the disciplines responsibility to society by reporting unethical behaviour be sensitive to the current issues, needs and problems in society when determining the types of research questions to ask and when reporting the results of a particular study

Question 67

how do researchers participate in the continued growth of yourself and the science of psychology?

Answer 67

by engaging in original research, transmitting current knowledge or using current knowledge to help others and advance society

Question 68

why are animals used for research?

Answer 68

researcher can carefully control the environmental conditions, study the same animals over a long period and monitor their behaviour all the time used to test the effects of drugs used to test physiological and genetic mechanisms

Question 69

what is the canadian council on animal care (CCAC) funded by?

Answer 69

purpose is to oversee the ethical use of animals in science in canada sponsored by CIHR and NSERC

Question 70

what is the animal care committee?

Answer 70

reviews animal research procedures and ensures that all regulations are followed (animal care training by all researchers and technicians involved in animal research) committee is composed of at least one scientist (or teacher with experience in animal use), one institutional member who does not use animals, one experienced veterinarian, a community member and others

Question 71

what are the three R's that aim to minimize harm to animals?

Answer 71

replacement (replacing the use of animals with something else) reduction (minimize the number of animals being used) refinement (minimize pain and distress)

Question 72

what are the 4 guidelines for using animals as participants?

Answer 72

justification of research care and housing of animals personnel experimental procedures

Question 73

what does justification of research consist of? in respect to using animals as participants

Answer 73

the research is expected to have good, interpretable results

Question 74

what does the care and housing of animals mean? in respect to using animals as participants

Answer 74

the psychologist must be familiar with current laws and regulations that concern the acquisition, housing, care and disposal of research animals

Question 75

what does personnel mean? in respect to using animals as participants

Answer 75

psychologists and their students must be trained and/ or supervised until sufficiently competent to carry out the responsibilities required for maintaining and handling of the animals

Question 76

what does experimental procedures mean? in respect to using animals as participants

Answer 76

psychologists must minimize discomfort, illness and pain when devising methodologies (methods that require exposure to pain, stress and privation (lack of comfort) should only be performed if an acceptable alternative procedure is not available)

Question 77

how do you dispose of animals?

Answer 77

humane manner

Question 78

when can classroom demonstrations involving animals be used?

Answer 78

only when instructional objectives cannot be accomplished with videotapes or other methods

Question 79

what 9 things must be included in an ethics form?

Answer 79

summary of project research instruments study subjects informed consent deception feedback/ debriefing risks and benefits anonymity and confidentiality compensation

Question 80

what does the summary of the project consist of?

Answer 80

detailed but concise outline of the **purpose** and **methodology** of the study describing **precisely** the procedures in which subjects will be asked to participate

Question 81

what does the research instruments section need to consist of?

Answer 81

copies of **all** materials (questionnaires, tests...) to be given to subjects and/ or third parties

Question 82

what does the study subjects section need to consist of?

Answer 82

describe the number of subjects and how they will be recruited for this study (special characteristics of the subjects that require extra measures)

Question 83

what does the informed consent section need to consist of?

Answer 83

copy of consent form if its in writing, if written consent is not obtained then indicate why not describe how the nature of the study and subjects participation in the study will be explained to them before they agree to participate describe how consent is to obtained from guardians of subjects from vulnerable populations (kids) if essential, describe why subjects are not to be made aware of their records being consulted

Question 84

what does the section of deception need to consist of?

Answer 84

(this section is only necessary if you MUST use deception) provide detailed information on the extent and nature of deception and why the researcher must provide detailed information on the extent and nature of deception and why the research could not be conducted without it

Question 85

what does the feedback/ debriefing section consist of?

Answer 85

describes the feedback that will be given to subjects about the research after they have completed their participation (how the feedback will be provided and by who) if feedback is not given explain why it is not planned if deception is employed, debriefing is MANDATORY (describe in detail the nature of the post deception feedback and when and how it will be given

Question 86

what is provided in the risks and benefits section?

Answer 86

risks to the subjects or to a third party (if yes, provide a description of the risks and the counterbalancing benefits of the proposed study, indicate the precautions taken by the researcher under these circumstances)

Question 87

what is discussed in the anonymity and confidentiality section?

Answer 87

describe the procedures for preserving anonymity and confidentiality. if confidentiality is not an issue in this research, explain why if confidential records will be consulted indicate what precautions will be taken to ensure subjects' confidentiality (how is the data stored, when will the data be destroyed)

Question 88

what is discussed in the compensation section?

Answer 88

discuss if subjects will be compensated for their participation compensation may reasonably provide subjects with assistance to defray the costs associated with study participation

Question 89

what are the two ways in which fraud is committed in science?

Answer 89

fabricating (making up) data collecting real data but altering the numbers to fit the hypothesis

Question 90

how is fraud detected?

Answer 90

by colleagues or students working with the researcher

Question 91

why were Cyril Burt's experiments examining the genetic basis of intelligence using identical twins now generally considered unethical?

Answer 91

The data is suspected to be fraudulent

Question 92

what are three concrete practices that individual researchers can adopt if they want to help build a more honest and accurate science?

Answer 92

disclosure (keeps a record of exactly how the research was conducted) preregistration of studies (posting a public statement of what your method and data analysis plan will be) open data and materials (post files openly online so that other researchers can evaluate the study so they could reach out if you did something wrong)