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Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

Process of our sensory receptors and nervous system receiving and representing stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

sensory receptors

A

Sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

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3
Q

perception

A

Process of our brain organizing and interpreting sensory information, so that we can recognize meaningful objects and events

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4
Q

bottom-up processing

A

It starts at sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing

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5
Q

top-down processing

A

Information processing through higher-level mental processes

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6
Q

selective attention

A

Focussing our conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, our consciousness focuses on one thing at a time.

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7
Q

inattentional blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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8
Q

change blindness

A

A form of inattentional blindness where we fail to notice changes in our environment.

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9
Q

transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another. in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, into neural impulses our brain can interpret.

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10
Q

psychophysics

A

Studies the relationship between the physical energy we can detect and its effects on our psychological experiences

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11
Q

absolute threshold

A

The edge of our awareness of stimuli is the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.

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12
Q

signal detection theory

A

Assumes there is no single absolute threshold, and that a person’s detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness. A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus during a background stimulation.

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13
Q

difference threshold

A

The minimum stimulus difference a person can detect 50 percent of the time. A just noticeable difference.

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13
Q

subliminal

A

Stimuli you cannot consciously detect 50 percent of the time. below a person’s absolute threshold.

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14
Q

priming

A

A method used by researchers to activate unconscious associations.

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15
Q

Weber’s law

A

To be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage.

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16
Q

sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. Getting used to a smell.

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17
Q

perceptual set

A

To perceive one thing and not another.

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18
Q

functional fixedness

A

A cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used.

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19
Q

extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

The claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. ex. telepathy…

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20
Q

wavelength

A

distance from one wave peak to the next

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21
Q

parapsychology

A

the study of paranormal phenomena

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22
Q

cornea

A

The eye’s clear, protective outer layer, covers the pupil and iris.

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23
Q

hue

A

The dimension of color we see that is determined by the wavelength of light. The colors we see.

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24
Q

intensity

A

The amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave that influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. It is determined by the wave’s amplitude (height).

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25
Q

iris

A

Muscle tissue that is the colored portion of the eye. It controls the size of the pupil.

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26
Q

pupil

A

The black part of the eye. An adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

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27
Q

rods

A

For seeing at night. The retina’s nearly 130 million receptor cells in the back of the eye. Detect black, white, and gray, not for seeing color, and are sensitive to movement. Helps peripheral vision.

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28
Q

lens

A

Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape.

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28
Q

retina

A

The light-sensitive, multilayered surface on the inner surface of the eye. This multilayered tissue is made of layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information. It also contains receptor rods and cones.

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29
Q

accommodation

A

A process within sensation and perception, in which the eye lens (behind the pupil, clear) changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

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30
Q

cones

A

Retinal receptors near the center of the retina, function in daylight/ well-lit conditions, for seeing colors, and detecting fine detail.

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31
Q

optic nerve

A

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

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32
Q

bipolar cells (vision)

A

interneurons in the retina, which transfer visual information from photoreceptors, rods, and cones; to amacrine and ganglion cells. provide the main pathways from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

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33
Q

ganglion cells (vision)

A

provide information important for detecting the shape and movement of objects

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34
Q

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory

A

within your eye are tiny cells that can receive waves of light and translate them into one of three colors

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35
Q

fovea

A

the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster.

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35
Q

blind spot

A

No receptor cells, where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

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36
Q

parallel processing

A

our ability to deal with multiple stimuli simultaneously

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37
Q

opponent-process theory

A

the primary or initial reaction to an emotional event will be subsequently followed by an opposite secondary emotional state

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37
Q

feature detectors

A

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus

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38
Q

gestalt

A

an organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts

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39
Q

Necker cube

A

an optical illusion that was first published as a rhomboid in 1832

40
Q

figure-ground

A

people instinctively perceive objects as either being in the foreground or the background

41
Q

grouping

A

the observation that humans naturally perceive objects as organized patterns and objects

41
Q

proximity

A

the tendency for individuals to form interpersonal relations with those who are close by

42
Q

continuity

A

the ability to continue the same way. vision, creating continuous uninterrupted patterns

43
Q

closure

A

the illusion of seeing an incomplete stimulus as though it were a whole

44
Q

retinal disparity

A

left and right fields of vision provide slightly different visual images when focusing on a single object

45
Q

depth perception

A

your ability to see objects in three dimensions including their size and how far away they are from you

45
Q

visual cliff

A

involves an apparent but not actual drop from one surface to another

46
Q

binocular depth cues

A

the images taken in by both eyes to give depth perception

47
Q

convergence

A

sensory details, such as sight or touch, are combined and evaluated to form perceptions

48
Q

monocular depth cues

A

clues that allow us to see depth through one eye

49
Q

linear perspective

A

a system of creating an illusion of depth on a flat surface

49
Q

relative height

A

We perceive objects that are higher in our field of vision to be farther away than those that are lower

50
Q

motion parallax

A

a type of depth perception cue in which closer objects appear to move faster than objects that are further

51
Q

light and shadow (as a monocular depth cue)

A

nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes, dimmer seems farther

52
Q

phi phenomenon

A

00000000000000an optical illusion that causes one to see several still images in a series as moving

52
Q

Müller-Lyer illusion

A

viewers usually estimate that the stick with two open fins is longer, even though the sticks are the same length

53
Q

interposition

A

monocular cue in which one object partially obscures or covers another object giving the perception the object that is partially covered is farther away

53
Q

perceptual constancy

A

the tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite the stimuli changes that occur

54
Q

relative size

A

the more distant an object, the smaller its image will be on the retina

55
Q

perceptual adaptation

A

the ability of the body to adapt to an environment by filtering out distractions

56
Q

color constancy

A

our ability to perceive colors as relatively constant over varying illuminations

57
Q

frequency

A

the number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time

58
Q

pitch

A

the degree of highness or lowness of a tone

59
Q

audition

A

formal phrase for hearing

60
Q

outer ear (pinna)

A

collects sound waves and channels them into the ear canal

60
Q

middle ear

A

has three small bones — the hammer, or malleus; the anvil, or incus; and the stirrup

61
Q

eardrum (tympanic membrane)

A

circular piece of tissue separates your outer ear and your middle ear

62
Q

ossicles (hammer, anvil, strirrup)

A

further, amplify the sound

63
Q

inner ear

A

where the sound waves are converted into electrical energy, which your hearing nerve delivers to your brain as sound

63
Q

basilar membrane

A

the main mechanical element of the inner ear, vibration patterns have the effect of separating incoming sound into its component frequencies

63
Q

cilia

A

discharge electrical impulses that are routed through the auditory nerve to the brain

64
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

happens after inner ear damage

65
Q

cochlea

A

coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses

66
Q

place theory

A

suggests that we hear different pitches because different areas of the cochlea respond to higher and lower pitches

66
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68
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

happens when sounds cannot get through the outer and middle ear

69
Q

cochlear implant

A

surgically implanted neuroprosthesis that provides a person who has moderate-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss with sound perception

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