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BIOL 1000 (Exam 1) > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

Unit 3

1
Q

Who observed cell walls by viewing a cross section of cork with a homemade microscope?

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

What is cell theory?

A

all organisms consist of at least one cell, and cells are the simplest form of organization that demonstrates all attrubutes of life

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3
Q

What are the attributes of life?

A

metabolism, reproduction, respiration, responsive
(all cells come from other cells)

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4
Q

The ability to conervert energy of one form to another

A

metabolism

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5
Q

The ability to produce genetically similar copies of self

A

reproduction

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6
Q

The ability to exchange gases in the environment

A

respiration

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7
Q

_____ to changing environmental conditions

A

responsive

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8
Q

The nucleus must be able to effectively communicate with all organelles in the cell

A

communication within the cell that constraints to size

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9
Q

The cell exchanges chemicals, nutrients, and waste with the environment; the cell membrane is the medium across which material diffuses

A

surface to volume ratio

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10
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

selectively pass substances into and out of the cell
allows: chemicals and nutrients into the cell
prevents: toxic substances from entering and important substances from leaving

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane

A

the plasma membrane is described as a fluid mosaic bilayer of chemical compounds

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12
Q

The membrane consists of phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol

A

mosaic

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13
Q

Have a polar head and hydrophobic tail; prevent diffusion of polar compounds across the membrane

A

phospholipids

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14
Q

Acts as a buffer against changes in temperature

A

cholesterol

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15
Q

Function as receptors, anchors, transporters, and identity markers

A

proteins

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16
Q

Cells that lack internal membrane (i.e., no nucleus)

A

prokaryotic cells

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17
Q

Describe the structure of a prokaryotic cell

A

capsule: protective outer polysaccharide layer
cell wall: layer of carbohydrates between capsule and plasma membrane
plasma membrane: phospholipid bilayer
no nucleus: instead have a nucleoid region
ribosome: organelles that manufacture proteins

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18
Q

Cells that include membrane-bound organelles

A

eukaryotic cells

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19
Q

Define the types of structures of eukaryotic cells

A

external membrane: fluid mosaic plasma membrane
DNA organelles: control processes and perform metabollic processes; nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast
endomembrane: simple membrane sacs involved in cellular processes; endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosome
cytoskeleton: provide internal support transportation

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20
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

store information and regulate cellular information

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21
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

two layers of plasma membrane connected by protein pores that regulate the flow of information

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22
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

convert macromolecules into chemical energy

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23
Q

What is the stucture of the mitochondria?

A

two layeres of plasma membrane ; inner layer than outer layer

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24
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

use solar energy to make macromolecules

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25
Q

What is the structure of the chloroplast?

A

at least three layers of plasma membrane

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26
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

rough ER and smooth ER

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27
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

manufacture proteins that are transported from the cell

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28
Q

What is the structure of the rough ER?

A

networks of membrane sacs embedded with ribosomes

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29
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

manufacture lipids and carbs, and detoxifying poisons

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30
Q

What is the structure of the smooth ER?

A

network of membrane sacs with OUT ribosome

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31
Q

What is the function of vesicles?

A

transport substances within the cell

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32
Q

What is the structure of vesicles?

A

membrane sac

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33
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

manufacture proteins

34
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

RNA supported by proteins

35
Q

What is the function of golgi apparatus?

A

collects, completes, and distrubutes molecules manufactured by the cell

36
Q

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A

network of flattened membrane sacs

37
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

identify and digest malfunctioning cellular components

38
Q

What is the structure of lysosomes?

A

membrane sac that contains digestive enzymes

39
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

detoxifies harmful molecules converts fats to carbs in plants

40
Q

What is the structure of peroxisomes?

A

membrane sac with specialized chemicals and enzymes

41
Q

What makes up the cytoskeleton?

A

microfillaments, intermediate tubules, microtubules, vacuole

42
Q

What is the function of microfillaments?

A

responsible for cell shape; facilitates cell division and amoeboid movement

43
Q

What is the structure of microfillaments?

A

smallest cytoskeletal element; helical rod that consists of actin subunits

44
Q

What is the function of intermediate tubules?

A

provide structural support

45
Q

What is the structure for intermediate tubules?

A

overlapping tetramer proteins aggregated into bundles

46
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

intracellular movement of cell products

47
Q

What is the structure of microtubules?

A

tubes of a and B tubulin protein subunits, centriole is involved

48
Q

What is the function of centriole?

A

assembles microtubules; becomes basal boddy for flagella and cilia

49
Q

What is the structure of centriole?

A

consists of 9 triplets of microtubules

50
Q

What is the function of vacuole?

A

primarily for storage; may be used to rapidly evert water

51
Q

What is the structure of vacuole?

A

membrane sac

52
Q

What is amoeboid movement?

A

cellular crawling

53
Q

What is cellular swimming?

A

uses cilia or flagella

54
Q

What is flagerall structure?

A

9+2 arrangement of microtubules

55
Q

What are microtubules?

A

associated with motor proteins; moved radial microtubules relative to central tubule

56
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A

intracellular movement of cell products

57
Q

What is the function of a centriole?

A

assembles microtubules; becomes basal body for flagella and cilia

58
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A

primarily for storage; may be used to rapidly evert water

59
Q

What is amoeboid movement?

A

cellular crawling

60
Q

Associated with myosin proteins push and pull against the plasma membrane

A

microfilaments

61
Q

What does cellular swimming use?

A

uses cilia or flagella

62
Q

9+2 arrangment of microtubules

A

flagellar structure

63
Q

Associated with motor proteins; moves radial microtubules relative to central tubule

A

microtubule

64
Q

Consists of the structural polysaccharide cellulose

A

cell walls

65
Q

Which cell wall is produced while the cell is still growing? It is thin and pliable.

A

primary cell wall

66
Q

Which cell wall is produced between cell membrane and primary cell wall; thick and rigid?

A

secondary cell wall

67
Q

Which cell wall is a sticky substance that adhered adjacent cells together?

A

middle lamella

68
Q

Adheres adjacent cells together; constists of collagen, elastin, and fibronectin

A

extracellular matrix

69
Q

What is fibronectin?

A

attach proteins of extracellular matrix to the cell

69
Q

What are collagen and elastin?

A

fibrous proteins that form a protective layer

70
Q

Diffusion, substance will follow a concentration gradient without energy investment from cell

A

passive movement

71
Q

Small molecules may pass freely across the cell membrane

A

nonpolar substances

72
Q

Require channel protein

A

polar substances

73
Q

What is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water across the membrane; affects cell shape and health

74
Q

Pulls water from the cell (e.g., salt water)

A

hypertonic solution

75
Q

No net movement of water across the membrane

A

isotonic solution

76
Q

Moving a substance against its concentration gradient, requires investment of cellular energy

A

active transport

77
Q

Moves large amounts of a substance into or out of a cell

A

bulk transportation

78
Q

Moving larger quantities INTO the cell (i.e., water, food)

A

endocytosis

79
Q

Moving larger quantities OUT OF the cell (i.e., waste)

A

exocytosis

80
Q

Which member of the cytoskeleton is responsible for the shape and amoeboid movement?

A

microfilament

81
Q

Passive movement of a substance requires an energy investment by the cell. True or False?

A

false

BIOL 1000 (Exam 1) (4 decks)

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