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BIOL 1000 (Exam 1) > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

Unit 2

1
Q

Any substance that has mass and occupies space

A

matter

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2
Q

The smallest unit of organization that retains chemical properties of an element

A

atom

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3
Q

What are the components of an atom?

A

proton, electron, and neutron

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4
Q

Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom

A

proton

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5
Q

Neutral particle in the nucleus of an atom

A

neutron

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6
Q

Negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus

A

electron

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7
Q

1-2 letter symbol for an element (O- Oxygen, C- Carbon)

A

atomic symbol

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8
Q

The number of protons in the nucleus (Carbon-6, Oxygen-8)

A

atomic number

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9
Q

The number of protons AND neutrons in the nucleus

A

atomic mass

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10
Q

How are electrons organized into orbits?

A

1st orbit: 2 electrons
2nd orbit: 8 electrons
3rd orbit: 8 electrons

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11
Q

Atoms that have an unequal number of protons and electrons; all carry an electrical charge

A

ion

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12
Q

Cation carries a _____ charge.

A

positive

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13
Q

Anion carries a _____ charge

A

negative

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14
Q

In order to change the charge of an atom, you change that number of ___

A

electrons

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15
Q

Elements with a variable number of neutrons

A

isotopes

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16
Q

A group of atoms joined by energy

A

molecule

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17
Q

atoms are held together by shared electrons e.g., the water molecule

A

covalent bonds

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18
Q

The strongest bond

A

covalent bonds

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19
Q

Atoms are held together by electrical charge e.g., sodium chloride

A

ionic bond

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20
Q

Atoms/molecules are held together by partial electrical charges

A

hydrogen bond

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21
Q

Molecules held together by complementary shape or ephemeral electrical charges

A

vander waals bond

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22
Q

What are the important characteristics of water?

A

heat storage, density, heat of vaporization, cohesion and adhesion, and solvent

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23
Q

The hydrogen bonds in bodies of water allow it to resist changes in heat

A

heat storage

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24
Q

Water is more dense as a liquid than as a solid

A

density

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25
Q

Water “absorbs” heat before individual molecules are liverated carrying energy from the body

A

heat of vaporization

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26
Q

Because water is a polar molecule water molecules adhere to other substances that carry an electrical charge

A

cohesion and adhesion

27
Q

Many polar substances readily dissolve in water

A

solvent

28
Q

Infrequently, the covalent bond holding oxygen to hydrogen in the water molecules breaks; oxygen retains the shared electron and assumes a negative charge, and hydrogen assumes a positive charge

A

ionization of water

29
Q

A substance that increases the concentration of H+

A

acid

30
Q

A substance that decreases the concentration of H+

A

base

31
Q

Pure water has a pH of 7, sea water has a pH of 8. How many times more alkaline is sea water than pure water?

A

10x

32
Q

Any substance that mitigates changes in the pH of a substance

A

buffer

33
Q

Consist of carbon backbone, and are fundamental to life

A

organic molecules

34
Q

Large assemblages of atoms organized into biologically important units

A

macromolecules

35
Q

Molecular subunits that may be bonded to similar units and manufacture macromolecules

A

monomer

36
Q

Generic term for molecule that consists of monomers

A

polymer

37
Q

Removal of -H and -OH groups to join monomers; reaction catalyzed by an enzyme

A

dehydration reaction

38
Q

Breaking a polymer by adding -H or -OH groups

A

hydrolysis

39
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

energy storage, and cell structure.
animals: short term
plants: long term

40
Q

Covalent bond between carbohydrate monomers created by dehydration synthesis

A

glycosidic bond

41
Q

Simple sugars; carbohydrate monomers

A

monosaccharide

42
Q

Two monosaccharides connected by dehydration synthesis

A

disaccharide

43
Q

Many monosaccharides connected by dehydration synthesis

A

polysaccharide

44
Q

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide

45
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

energy storage, cell membrane, communication. animals use lipids as long term energy storage

46
Q

Covalent bonds between glycerol and fatty acids created by dehydration synthesis

A

ester bond

47
Q

What are the three different types of lipids?

A

tryglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

48
Q

Dietary fats; glycerol and 3 fatty acids

A

tryglycerides

49
Q

Semi permeable cell membrane

A

phospholipids

50
Q

Used for communication

A

steroids

51
Q

What is the function of protein?

A

catalyze reactions (enzymes), transportation, structure, defense

52
Q

Covalent bond between two protein monomers created by dehydration synthesis

A

peptide bond

53
Q

Monomer of proteins

A

amino acid

54
Q

What is the primary structure of protein?

A

sequence of amino acid in a protein

55
Q

What is the secondary structure of protein?

A

regional shape of protein created by hydrogen bonding

56
Q

What is the tertiary structure of protein?

A

3D shape of protein

57
Q

What is the quarternary structure of protein?

A

interaction with other protein subunits

58
Q

Most important characteristic of the protein; determines biological function of the protein

A

protein shape

59
Q

The loss of protein shape

A

denaturation

60
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

information storage

61
Q

Covalent bond between the monomers of nucleic acids created by dehydration synthesis

A

phosphodiester bond

62
Q

Monomer of nucleid acids

A

nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base)

63
Q

Located in nucleus or nucleoid region; stores info about protein shape

A

DNA

64
Q

Used to convey information about protein shape from nucleus organelle that constructs protein

A

RNA

BIOL 1000 (Exam 1) (4 decks)

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