Unit 3

Question 1

entropy

Answer 1

every energy transfer/transformation increases the disorder of the universe

Question 2

heat

Answer 2

ups the randomness of the universe

Question 3

metabolism

Answer 3

totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

Question 4

metabolic pathway

Answer 4

specific molecule is altered in a series of steps to produce product

Question 5

catabolic pathway

Answer 5

releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler molecules (cata:downhill, complex→simple)

Question 6

anabolic pathway

Answer 6

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones (uphill) (simple→complex)

Question 7

Cellular Respiration Equation

Answer 7

glucose+oxygen→CO2+H2O+ATP

Question 8

Cell 3 types of work

Answer 8

-Chemical Work: pushing endergonic reactions (low to high)(active)
-Transport Work: pushing substances across membranes
-Mechanical Work: beating cilia or contracting muscle cells

Question 9

energy coupling

Answer 9

use of exergonic process to drive an endergonic one (mediated by ATP), coupled reaction are exergonic

Question 10

phosphorylated intermediate

Answer 10

molecule w/phosphate group

Question 11

catalyst

Answer 11

chemical agent that speeds up a reaction w/o being consumed

Question 12

enzyme

Answer 12

biological catalyst (monomer:protein), most of them end in ase (lactase, sucrase), specific to substrates

Question 13

pepsin

Answer 13

breaks proteins→small polypeptides, is an enzyme

Question 14

Independent Variable

Answer 14

what the researcher has control of

Question 15

Dependent Variable

Answer 15

what YOU are measuring and expect to change

Question 16

Competitive Inhibitor

Answer 16

slow down or turn off, competitive: goes into active site & turns off and competes with substrate

Question 17

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

Answer 17

goes into another site and turns off + changed enzyme shape

Question 18

allosteric regulation

Answer 18

molecule binds to a protein at a site and affects protein function

Question 19

feedback inhibition

Answer 19

the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down a pathway, prevents cell from wasting chemical resources by making excess products

Question 20

ETC function

Answer 20

electron transport chain uses the electrons given by NADH and FADH2 to transport electrons across the inner membrane of the mitochondria through different protein complexes and carriers and they establish a proton gradient by pumping protons out to the intermembrane space through the ATP synthase. Also creates a electrochemical gradient.

Question 21

Yielded Energy

Answer 21

regenerates ATP

Question 22

Steps of Glycolysis

Answer 22

During energy investment phase, 2 ATP splits the glucose into 2 three carbon sugars, spending ATP, then during the energy payoff phase 4 ATP synthesize and 2 NAD+ are reduced to NADH, small sugars oxidize and form 2 pyruvate + 2 H2O, producing ATP, then ending with 2 ATP produced

Question 23

Steps of Pyruvate Oxidation

Answer 23

3 main steps, CO2 is released from pyruvate, remaining pyruvate (acetyl group) is oxidized to form NADH, lastly the oxidized acetyl group binds with coenzyme A to create acetyl CoA

Question 24

Steps of Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 24

First acetyl CoA joins the cycle after combining with oxaloacetate, creating citrate, then the next 7 steps are decomposing the citrate back into oxaloacetate, forming a cycle, finally the NADh and FADH2 that are produced carry electrons to the ETC

Question 25

Steps of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 25

First theres a delivery of electrons by NADH and FADH2, they reduce and transfer electrons to the start of the ETC, processes known as electron transport and proton pumping occur, and then oxygen is split to form water, all ending with ATP synthesis

Question 26

Pyruvate Oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle main function

Answer 26

completes the breakdown of glucose to CO2

Question 27

chemiosmosis

Answer 27

ADP→ATP

Question 28

Citric Acid Cycle Products

Answer 28

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH, per round (8 steps)

Question 29

Photosynthesis

Answer 29

process that converts solar energy into chemical energy within itself

Question 30

Autotrophs

Answer 30

self feeders that sustain themselves without eating anything derived by other organisms

Question 31

Producers

Answer 31

make organic molecules form CO2 and other inorganic molecules

Question 32

Heterotrophs/Consumers

Answer 32

cannot make their own food

Question 33

Detritivore

Answer 33

decomposers, takes energy from non-living dead things

Question 34

Mesophyll

Answer 34

interior tissue of the leaf

Question 35

Stomata

Answer 35

holes on the underside of leaves, CO2 comes in, O2 leaves

Question 36

Chlorophyll

Answer 36

gives plants the green pigment

Question 37

Photosynthesis Equation

Answer 37

6CO2+6H2O—>C6H12O6+6O2

Question 38

The light reaction (the photo part) (thylakoids)

Answer 38

-split H2o providing electrons and protons CH+
-Release O2 by product
-Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
-Generated ATP from ADP through phosphorylation

Question 39

The Calvin Cycle (in stroma)

Answer 39

-starts with carbon fixation

Question 40

3 pigment types

Answer 40

-chlorophyll a
-chlorophyll b
-carotenoids

Question 41

photons

Answer 41

packets of light

Question 42

reaction center complex

Answer 42

association of proteins holding a spiral pair of chlorophyll molecules

Question 43

The goal of the light-dependent reactions

Answer 43

is to collect energy from the sun and break down water molecules to produce ATP and NADPH.

Question 44

The goal of the light independent reactions

Answer 44

is to fix the carbon dioxide into carbohydrates using the energy from the light-dependent reactions.