Unit 3 Flashcards
entropy
every energy transfer/transformation increases the disorder of the universe
heat
ups the randomness of the universe
metabolism
totality of an organism’s chemical reactions
metabolic pathway
specific molecule is altered in a series of steps to produce product
catabolic pathway
releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler molecules (cata:downhill, complex→simple)
anabolic pathway
consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones (uphill) (simple→complex)
Cellular Respiration Equation
glucose+oxygen→CO2+H2O+ATP
Cell 3 types of work
-Chemical Work: pushing endergonic reactions (low to high)(active)
-Transport Work: pushing substances across membranes
-Mechanical Work: beating cilia or contracting muscle cells
energy coupling
use of exergonic process to drive an endergonic one (mediated by ATP), coupled reaction are exergonic
phosphorylated intermediate
molecule w/phosphate group
catalyst
chemical agent that speeds up a reaction w/o being consumed
enzyme
biological catalyst (monomer:protein), most of them end in ase (lactase, sucrase), specific to substrates
pepsin
breaks proteins→small polypeptides, is an enzyme
Independent Variable
what the researcher has control of
Dependent Variable
what YOU are measuring and expect to change
Competitive Inhibitor
slow down or turn off, competitive: goes into active site & turns off and competes with substrate
Noncompetitive Inhibitor
goes into another site and turns off + changed enzyme shape
allosteric regulation
molecule binds to a protein at a site and affects protein function
feedback inhibition
the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down a pathway, prevents cell from wasting chemical resources by making excess products
ETC function
electron transport chain uses the electrons given by NADH and FADH2 to transport electrons across the inner membrane of the mitochondria through different protein complexes and carriers and they establish a proton gradient by pumping protons out to the intermembrane space through the ATP synthase. Also creates a electrochemical gradient.
Yielded Energy
regenerates ATP
Steps of Glycolysis
During energy investment phase, 2 ATP splits the glucose into 2 three carbon sugars, spending ATP, then during the energy payoff phase 4 ATP synthesize and 2 NAD+ are reduced to NADH, small sugars oxidize and form 2 pyruvate + 2 H2O, producing ATP, then ending with 2 ATP produced
Steps of Pyruvate Oxidation
3 main steps, CO2 is released from pyruvate, remaining pyruvate (acetyl group) is oxidized to form NADH, lastly the oxidized acetyl group binds with coenzyme A to create acetyl CoA
Steps of Citric Acid Cycle
First acetyl CoA joins the cycle after combining with oxaloacetate, creating citrate, then the next 7 steps are decomposing the citrate back into oxaloacetate, forming a cycle, finally the NADh and FADH2 that are produced carry electrons to the ETC
Steps of Oxidative Phosphorylation
First theres a delivery of electrons by NADH and FADH2, they reduce and transfer electrons to the start of the ETC, processes known as electron transport and proton pumping occur, and then oxygen is split to form water, all ending with ATP synthesis
Pyruvate Oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle main function
completes the breakdown of glucose to CO2
chemiosmosis
ADP→ATP
Citric Acid Cycle Products
1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH, per round (8 steps)
Photosynthesis
process that converts solar energy into chemical energy within itself
Autotrophs
self feeders that sustain themselves without eating anything derived by other organisms
Producers
make organic molecules form CO2 and other inorganic molecules
Heterotrophs/Consumers
cannot make their own food
Detritivore
decomposers, takes energy from non-living dead things
Mesophyll
interior tissue of the leaf
Stomata
holes on the underside of leaves, CO2 comes in, O2 leaves
Chlorophyll
gives plants the green pigment
Photosynthesis Equation
6CO2+6H2O—>C6H12O6+6O2
The light reaction (the photo part) (thylakoids)
-split H2o providing electrons and protons CH+
-Release O2 by product
-Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
-Generated ATP from ADP through phosphorylation
The Calvin Cycle (in stroma)
-starts with carbon fixation
3 pigment types
-chlorophyll a
-chlorophyll b
-carotenoids
photons
packets of light
reaction center complex
association of proteins holding a spiral pair of chlorophyll molecules
The goal of the light-dependent reactions
is to collect energy from the sun and break down water molecules to produce ATP and NADPH.
The goal of the light independent reactions
is to fix the carbon dioxide into carbohydrates using the energy from the light-dependent reactions.
